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00:30How can that be? What is this darkness? Maybe it's a fight?
00:37A young warrior is on the throne of the empire. His older sister is ruling instead of him.
00:45She is wise, fair and decisive.
00:47The courtesan theater of the Zara, the first son, performs a play on a Byzantine princess, Pulcheria,
00:56who reigned instead of the younger emperor.
00:58The whole family of the altar held their breath and followed the performance.
01:07Only one of the princesses cared about the play.
01:12She saw her dream come true on stage.
01:18She did not know how far that dream would lead her.
01:26The House of Romanov, episode 2
01:38When Fyodor Alexievich ascended to the throne in 1676, everything was quiet.
01:43The numerous house Romanov was prosperous.
01:47The Zara's son Mikhailovich designated his son Fyodor as his successor in advance
01:51and even had time to bless him for ruling before his death.
01:56However, there was one thing that worried the people.
02:00The young boy was taken to the ceremony in a special chair.
02:04He could not walk on his own.
02:22When he was ascending to the throne, many people did not bother to raise their voices,
02:27saying that his time is short in this world.
02:34Episode 1. Fyodor Alexievich
02:38Fyodor suffered from scurvy since his childhood.
02:41This disease leads to anemia, hypodermic bleeding and edema,
02:45anomalies of the development of bone and cartilaginous tissues.
02:49In the 17th century, people generally succumbed to scurvy during war or marine campaigns.
02:55Scurvy is caused by a high vitamin C deficiency.
02:59However, the first Romanovs had a rare chronic form of this disease.
03:06Due to his disability, Fyodor was forced to spend a lot of time in his rooms away from the games.
03:12Perhaps it was the reason why he developed a gift for science.
03:16The famous philosopher and poet Simeon Polotsky was his teacher.
03:20Fyodor was incredibly cultured for his time.
03:25The Tsar stood out in theology, philosophy, rhetoric, poetry.
03:30He spoke Polish fluently.
03:32He could read Ovid in the original and write poems.
03:37Fyodor belonged to a great music library.
03:40He sang well and played the piano.
03:43However, his main passion was horse breeding.
03:50When Fyodor was only three years old,
03:52he was given a real horse instead of a toy horse, according to tradition.
04:05The boy was amazed.
04:07He was very interested in all the races and the animals.
04:10A pure breed horse had been the best gift for him since then.
04:14His parents hoped that riding would strengthen the prince's health.
04:19However, the opposite happened.
04:22A close friend of his father, a boyar, Artamon Matyev,
04:25witnessed that accident.
04:30When he was 13 years old, Fyodor decided to go to the countryside on a sled with his aunts and uncles.
04:36They gave him a rebellious horse.
04:40The future governor mounted it.
04:43There were so many people on the sled that the horse could not move it.
04:47He got angry, threw the sled and dropped it under the sled.
04:52The sled ran over Fyodor Alexievich with all its weight and hit his chest.
04:57Now he constantly feels pain in his chest and in his legs.
05:02Fyodor Alexievich had been under the influence of Western fashion since his childhood.
05:07He wanted to destroy everything that was outdated and unnecessary,
05:11and adopt the new and useful from the West.
05:14However, he was gradually distanced from power.
05:17Due to his illness, Fyodor Alexievich was forced to leave the country.
05:21He was forced to leave the country because of his illness.
05:24He was forced to leave the country because of his illness.
05:27However, he was gradually distanced from power.
05:30Due to his illness, he barely left the palace.
05:36The Tsar's relative, Ivan Miloslavsky, supported by his numerous clan,
05:40quickly assumed the reins of the government.
05:44Artamon Matiev, a brilliant diplomat and sworn enemy of the Miloslavsky family,
05:49was sent to exile.
05:51The noble clans ruled instead of the young Tsar.
05:56The Secret Affairs Department and the Accounting Department,
05:59which governed and controlled the system, were fired.
06:03Ivan Miloslavsky headed two key departments,
06:06the Great Department of Treasury and the Department of Ambassadors,
06:10an analogue of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs,
06:13in addition to other secondary departments.
06:16He assigned the rest of the people loyal to him,
06:19each of whom ran from six to seven departments.
06:22Therefore, all his people had enough.
06:25In the course of a few years, the number of departments increased from 42 to 60,
06:30and the total number of bureaucrats increased from 882 to 2,762.
06:38There were a large number of idle and mischievous people in the administration of the state,
06:42especially among Miloslavsky's friends.
06:45State affairs descended into chaos.
06:53FIODOR MILOSLAVSKY
06:58It was love at first sight.
07:04On Sunday, a solemn religious procession moved along Red Square.
07:10A large crowd was there admiring the procession.
07:15It was in that crowd that Fiodor, 18 years old, saw her.
07:21She was different from the rest,
07:23not so much for her beauty, but for her proud posture and her brave appearance.
07:33The bride was found.
07:35She was Agafia Grushetska, the daughter of a small nobleman from Smolensk.
07:40Being an orphan, she lived in her uncle's house.
07:43Fiodor ordered her to be told to keep her niece safe and not to marry her without his permission.
07:50However, Agafia was not noble and did not fit in with Miloslavsky's relatives.
07:56Her appearance in court would ruin all his plans for the distribution of power.
08:03At the age of 50, historian Vasily Tetyshev carried out an investigation and came to learn the following.
08:09Ivan Miloslavsky decided to slander Agafia in front of the Tsar,
08:13saying that both she and her mother were known for some indecencies.
08:18However, the girl found out about the unfair slander.
08:24At the request of the officers, she took a step forward and said that they should not doubt her innocence.
08:30She swore it with her life.
08:40Tranquilized by the news, the Tsar wanted to give his chosen one in secret again.
08:49He went out to walk on the hills of Bora and Biove to pass by Agafia's house on the way back, as if it were an accident.
08:58Agafia's relatives showed the girl to Fiodor Alexievich through the window.
09:04Their eyes met.
09:11Fiodor made the first independent decision in his life.
09:15The insidious Miloslavsky was thrown by the porch.
09:20He would no longer be received in the palace.
09:27To comply with the protocol, the formal presentation of the brides was organized.
09:32All participants in the presentation knew the name of the winner before the beginning,
09:37both the groom and the brides and the organizers.
09:40However, it was impossible to ignore that old custom.
09:45By marrying his Agafia, Fiodor obtained all the rights of an adult person.
09:50He became an adult.
09:55The son of the peaceable, who used to sign the papers as our peaceability,
10:00decided to live to the fullest, as if it were against fate.
10:11His time to govern had come.
10:15First of all, Fiodor Alexievich issued a decree addressed to the nobles.
10:20All the boyars, okolnichi and council members will arrive at one o'clock and begin to work.
10:27The first reform he made referred to taxes.
10:31Numerous taxes were replaced by a fixed tax burden for the maintenance of the troops of the streltsi, archers.
10:39A real estate agent had to pay 90 coins a year, which was the price of 72 kilos of cereals or 26 kilos of veal.
10:47The deficit of cash forced Alzar to introduce the possibility of indirect tax agriculture,
10:52which served to significantly replenish the treasury of the state.
10:57In the financial year of 1679 to 1680,
11:01of the income of 1,220,367 rubles, customs and tavern taxes made up 53%,
11:10direct taxes 44% and lower rates 2.7%.
11:16Then the census of the population was carried out.
11:19The census of 1678 counted 5,600,000 people.
11:24However, it only counted the contributors and only in the native Russian territories.
11:30Along with the rest of the population, more foreigners, the residents of Siberia and the Cossacks,
11:36this figure rose to about 12 million.
11:40Russia was the fourth most populous country in Europe and the largest country in terms of territory.
11:48At the end of the reign of the Romanov dynasty, the population of the state rose to approximately 103 million people.
11:56Then began the reform of limits.
11:58The previous limits were verified.
12:00The old limits were verified.
12:02New ones were established, among all, the forms of property, heritage,
12:06estates, lands of the Picaz, which belonged to Alzar, and the farms of the monasteries.
12:12The military reform was as follows.
12:15The whole country, except Siberia and the region of the Volga, was divided into nine military districts.
12:22Separate regiments were formed with soldiers from each district.
12:27In 20 years, the brother of Fyodor, Pedro I,
12:31will use this system as a base to build a new army for a new state.
12:36To fight against injustice, the Department of Petitions resumed its work.
12:41A person of any rank and position could file a complaint to the Represalia Hall and raise personally.
12:47When Fyodor learned that some boyars in his petitions compared Alzar with God, he was outraged.
12:54It is indecent to write such words.
12:57If someone dares to write like that again, he will fall into disgrace.
13:04Fyodor Alexievich abolished a whole range of physical punishments
13:08that involved mutilations such as cutting hands, feet and fingers.
13:13Instead, the rapists of the corresponding articles were sent to Siberia.
13:18In this way, the state only maintained the authentic workers.
13:22Thanks to them, huge empty territories developed behind the Urals.
13:27The wooden Moscow used to burn every 30 years to the ground, to the embers.
13:32It was dressed in white stone in the time of Fyodor Alexievich.
13:37He allocated money from the Treasury of the State for the construction of stone houses with a credit of 10 years.
13:43The tsar came to the sites of fire personally and delivered the money.
13:47Most of these medieval mortgages were never paid.
13:52However, the fact has taken place.
13:55The Stone Moscow was built.
13:58Finally, the so-called Misnichezvan was abolished, or the right to inherit places for antiquity.
14:06The personal merits and the opinion of the tsar became the main criteria.
14:11The position must take one to which the tsar names.
14:20In the portico of his palace, in the presence of metropolitans and bishops,
14:24the tsar solemnly burned the books of ranks,
14:29which included the data on all the families of boyars.
14:33From now on, the responsibility of the relative was in the past,
14:37replaced by personal responsibility.
14:41Fyodor Alexievich was in a hurry.
14:44He introduced Polish fashion in the court.
14:46His bravest peasants even began to shave their beards.
14:50The tsar established the Institute of Printing,
14:53which later became the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, based on European principles.
14:58He built the fortification line of Izhum, which protected the southern border of Russia.
15:03He opened the first state hospices in Russian history,
15:06and was about to reform the courts.
15:09It seemed that the disease had receded.
15:17However, Fyodor knew that his days were numbered,
15:21while he still wanted to do so much.
15:25Much time and money were devoured by a war with the Turks and the Tartars in Crimea.
15:31Without the experienced diplomat Matiev, who was still in exile,
15:35the tsar could not avoid the military conflict.
15:42In 1677, a Turkish-Crimean military army of 100,000 men invaded the territory of Ukraine.
15:49The Russian-Ukrainian army, which amounted to about 57,000 people, fought it.
15:55Despite its almost double numerical superiority, the Turks were defeated.
16:00In one year, a Turkish army of 200,000 was stopped only by 120,000 Russians.
16:06However, the Russian military leaders failed to seal the victory.
16:11In 1681, the Treaty of Peace of Bakhchisaray was concluded for a period of 20 years.
16:17Between Russia, Turkey and the Crimean Khanate.
16:20The Ukraine on the left bank and Kiev, with the neighboring lands, were still part of Russia.
16:27The Dnieper River became a border with Turkey.
16:30An amortization zone was established between the Dnieper and the Bugan River.
16:35That war exhausted the tsar.
16:38That is why he was happy to conclude peace.
16:41His health improved.
16:43Maybe it happened because his beloved wife was pregnant.
16:50They were expecting their firstborn in the summer.
16:56However, happiness did not last long.
17:05Lazarina died during childbirth.
17:07The newly born prince, Ilya, survived his mother only for six days.
17:14Fyodor was desperate.
17:16His health deteriorated at an incredible rate.
17:26He realized that he needed a heir, so at some point Fyodor agreed to marry again.
17:32His fiancée was a 14-year-old girl, Marfa Apraksina.
17:36Fyodor was sitting during the wedding.
17:39He did not have enough strength to stand up.
17:42Two months after the wedding, Fyodor died just before turning 21.
17:50He did not have time to leave instructions about his heir.
18:10Fyodor III could have become a true illustrious monarch
18:14and led the European civilization to Russia.
18:18He had everything for that.
18:20Education, willpower, character, except for health.
18:25For only five years, Fyodor's government, Alexei Evikel,
18:29created the basis for the strongest regular army in the world.
18:33In addition, it developed a social assistance system and lowered taxes three times.
18:38The territory of the country expanded by many miles.
18:41It was the largest military base in the world.
18:44It was the largest military base in the world.
18:47It was the largest military base in the world.
18:51The territory of the country expanded by many miles.
18:54And in an incredibly short time, the capital was rebuilt in stone.
18:59He set the foundations of the secular educational system,
19:02approving the project of his establishment.
19:05But he did not have time to sign the corresponding order.
19:09His death was expected.
19:10Some anticipated it with hope and others with fear.
19:14The empty throne opened the way to power for two boyar clans.
19:18The Miloslavskys, the relatives of the late Zarina Maria,
19:21and the Naryskys, the relatives of the Zarina Viviente Natalia.
19:25The question was who would be the first to reach the throne.
19:29The candidate of the Miloslavsky was Prince Ivan, a 15-year-old boy,
19:33a young man half blind and half mute.
19:35The Naryskys nominated Prince Pedro as candidate,
19:38who was healthy and intelligent, but he was only 10 years old.
19:43An hour after Fyodor's death,
19:45the council of boyars, with the active support of Patriarch Joaquim,
19:48announced that young Pedro Alexievich was the Tsar.
19:51The Narysky clan took the lead.
19:59For all the courtiers, that meant that a new group of boyar leaders
20:03replaced the previous clan.
20:09That ruined all the hopes of a single person.
20:16Chapter 2. Sofia Alexievna.
20:24She fought for simple things, to escape captivity, to love, to be happy.
20:32However, a destiny of a normal girl was not for her.
20:37She was a princess.
20:40In 1682, nine princesses lived in the palace of the Tsar.
20:46Anna, Tatiana, Yevyokida, Marfa, Sofia, Ekaterina, Maria, Feodosia and Natalia.
20:54They could not get married.
20:56The Russians had a status too low for them.
21:00And the foreigners had a different faith.
21:03The princesses spent all their lives in their chambers,
21:06in strict isolation from others.
21:08They only left the palace to go to church or to attend important ceremonies.
21:13The windows of their carriages were covered with thick curtains.
21:17If a princess walked on foot,
21:19they covered her with large baths and umbrellas to hide her from the public.
21:23Their only entertainment was to swing on the swing in the park of the palace in summer
21:28and walk on a sled in winter,
21:30plus attend the performances of court singers.
21:34Their main activities included prayers, participation in divine services and charity.
21:40All princesses used to finish their education at the age of ten.
21:44They studied reading and writing, mathematics and theology.
21:48However, Sofia begged to be allowed to study more with her brother Feodor.
21:53Her teacher, Simeon Polotsky, remembered her as a curious and intelligent student.
21:58He studied philosophy, theology, rhetoric, Polish and Latin.
22:03He read a lot and composed moralist works.
22:10The princess Byzantine Pulcheria, who reigned instead of her younger brother,
22:14was her favorite heroine.
22:18It was what Sofia wanted for herself.
22:20Her brother, the Tsar Feodor Alexievich, from time to time listened to her opinion.
22:25But not more than that.
22:26Only her death gave Sofia the long-awaited opportunity.
22:31Now, when the second brother, the imbecile Ivan, takes the throne,
22:34Sofia will become the Russian Pulcheria.
22:38However, the Naryshkins, the relatives of the hated stepmother,
22:41got in the way.
22:43Therefore, Sofia came up with a combination of several steps to reach power.
22:47She turned the Streltsy into the driving force of the palace revolution.
22:53The Streltsy were an analogue of the European musketeers.
22:56They constituted the basis of the Russian infantry.
22:59In Moscow, there were 26 regiments, which together amounted to 22,500 people.
23:05When they were free of service, the Streltsy had the right to trade
23:10and had some tax privileges.
23:12An average Strelets could get from 3 to 5 rubles per month,
23:16an equivalent of 30 to 50 thousand rubles in modern money.
23:20The salaries of an officer ranged from 15 to 20 rubles,
23:24those of a colonel from 30 to 60 rubles.
23:27However, sometimes the colonels took for themselves
23:30the money assigned to the private Streltsy,
23:33and earned up to 200 rubles.
23:36In those days, salaries were paid irregularly.
23:39The colonels took a part of the money.
23:42In addition, they often made the soldiers work on their properties as servants.
23:46The Streltsy reached the boiling point.
23:50Princess Sofia used this situation.
23:53Her provocateurs spread dark rumors about the Naryshkins
23:56and instigated the Streltsy to revolt.
23:59At that moment, the supporter of the Naryshkins, Artamomatiev,
24:02who was an experienced politician, returned to Moscow from his exile.
24:06He was able to take the situation under control.
24:09Therefore, Sofia put everything at stake.
24:11She informed the Streltsy that the Naryshkins had poisoned Tsar Fyodor
24:15and were also going to kill Prince Ivan.
24:19By order of Patriarch Joaquin, the servants brought to the princes
24:22Ivan and Peter, both healthy and safe, to the Red Gate
24:25to show them to the crowd.
24:28However, the Streltsy wanted the blood of Naryshkin and his followers.
24:33The crowd erupted in the palace.
24:35Ivan hid in a corner and Peter grabbed Artamomatiev with all his strength.
24:40However, the Streltsy pushed the young prince to one side like a puppy
24:44and threw Artamomatiev from the porch over the spears in front of the child's eyes.
24:49One of the witnesses of the retaliation, an employee of the Patriarch's service, reported
24:54Artamomatiev was torn to pieces.
24:57The boyar Yuri Dolgorukov was dragged behind the doors and stabbed to death.
25:03The next day, his head was also cut into small pieces.
25:07The Streltsy devastated the treasure, grabbed and disguised everything
25:11and broke the cameras of the Tsar with fire weapons
25:14and looked for the pervaded boyars.
25:16They broke the door of the cameras,
25:18threw a large bomb through the window and hanged him from a rope.
25:42The massacre lasted three more days.
25:44The brothers of the Tsarina Afanasy and Ivan Naryshkin
25:47were murdered along with the boyar Yashikov,
25:50the head of the department of Streltsy, the prince Mikhail Dolgoruky,
25:54the head of the department of ambassadors Ivanov,
25:57the doctor of the Tsar Yoham Gudmensh.
26:00Approximately 100 people in total.
26:02On May 19, the Streltsy demanded that they pay their debts for 40 years,
26:07which rose to 240,000 rubles.
26:10On May 23, they presented a new ultimatum.
26:13The two princes, Ivan and Pedro, should sit on the throne together.
26:18At the end, on May 29, they announced their last demand,
26:21which put an end to this game of several steps.
26:26Princess Sofia was going to become regent queen
26:29until one of the princes reached the age of maturity.
26:41It was absolutely illegal.
26:44Only six weeks before, in the cathedral square at the Kremlin,
26:47it was announced that Pedro was the Tsar,
26:49and the Streltsy swore their loyalty to him.
26:53This woman paved her way to power with the hands of armed guards.
26:58In the history of Russia, Sofia was not the last person to do it,
27:02but she was the first.
27:04Sofia realized that her situation was very unstable.
27:07She had to cling to the power she had won.
27:12First of all, she ordered to pay all the debts to the Streltsy.
27:17Some silver trinket of the treasure of the Tsar was attached to that purpose.
27:22Then Sofia gave them key positions to the people loyal to her.
27:27The Streltsy were the first to pay their debts.
27:30Sofia gave them key positions to the people loyal to her.
27:34The Department of Ambassadors was now headed by its favorite count, Vasily Golitsyn.
27:40The Streltsy, the Freighters and the Great Department of Treasury,
27:43the Ministry of Defense and the Ministry of Finance
27:46were headed by the count Ivan Khovansky, nicknamed Tararui,
27:50which meant idle talker.
27:52Khovansky soon realized that the Streltsy were a force to be reckoned with
27:56and that the government was afraid of them.
27:58Then he wanted to become a non-crowned ruler
28:01and ascend to the throne thanks to the Streltsy's spears.
28:04Thus began the Khovanskina, a bloody summer of 1682,
28:08when Khovansky and his group of Streltsy took power in Moscow.
28:15The city was effectively occupied by its own army.
28:22However, Princess Sofia began that dangerous game
28:25so as not to share the power with anyone.
28:29Fortunately, the Streltsy were not the only military force of the Russian state.
28:34Now it was the turn of the nobles.
28:38At the Transfiguration Feast,
28:40under the pretext of visiting a procession at the Donetsk Monastery,
28:44Sofia Alexiakina left the Kremlin walls.
28:49Soon her carriage departed from the main road
28:52and went to the town of Vosvizhenska,
28:54near the Trinity Monastery and St. Sergius.
28:58There Sofia found her temporary residence.
29:01She could hide from the danger behind her walls.
29:04She sent letters with the description of the revolt of the Streltsy to many cities.
29:10Now all she had to do was wait for the arrival of the forces of the nobles.
29:16At the end of the 17th century,
29:19the army of the nobles or the guard of the home
29:22amounted to 14,000 people or 10% of the entire army.
29:27They were the representatives of the nobles who had received land for their service.
29:33Except for the participation in military assemblies,
29:36they were forced to come to the revisions every year mounted on horseback,
29:40with their own weapons and accompanied by several armed servants.
29:45The main part of the army, 77,764 people or 50%,
29:52were regiments of the new order.
29:55Reitars, dragons and usares.
29:58They were mainly foreign mercenaries.
30:01The troops of the Streltsy represented 35% of the armed forces.
30:15Time favored Sofia.
30:17When Jovansky realized that he had been defeated,
30:20he went to Sofia to negotiate.
30:22They were already waiting for him.
30:30The servants of the Streltsy captured him sleeping in the cave
30:33and took Sofia to Vosvizhenska on September 17, the day of his birthday.
30:41He was kneeled before the princess.
30:43They read his sentence of treason and beheaded him.
30:48Fyodor Sheiklovity, Sofia's faithful dog,
30:51replaced him as the head of the department of the Streltsy.
30:55THE REBELLION
31:12It was the end of the rebellion.
31:14The court of Zarina returned to Moscow.
31:17The governor and the tsar Ivan were established in the Kremlin.
31:21While the Tsarina Natalia and the young Tsar Pedro
31:23settled in the Palace of Campo in the town of Preobrazhenskoye.
31:28The town of Preobrazhenskoye was located on the banks of the Yauza River
31:32and covered the territory of 22 hectares.
31:35It was a wooden palace built about 20 years ago
31:39and the farthest camp residence of the Kremlin.
31:42The Kukui, or German settlement, began just behind the river.
31:47In one year, the tsar Peter the Younger
31:50formed a toy regiment formed by the peasants and courtesans of Preobrazhenskoye
31:56that would later become the first regiment of guards of the Russian Empire.
32:02A fragile balance was achieved.
32:04The Tsarina Natalia and Peter lived in a remote place
32:07and the Tsarina Sofia and Ivan in the Kremlin.
32:10They would only meet during important ceremonies.
32:13A special double throne was made for the joint rulers with a special window.
32:18During the receptions of the foreign ambassadors
32:21the advisers whispered the answers to the princes.
32:24Despite his young age, Peter was a quick-witted person.
32:27However, it was much more difficult for Ivan.
32:30Like many children born of Maria Miloslavskaya
32:33Ivan Alekseyevich was crippled since his childhood
32:36due to hydroplasia, deafness and general weakness.
32:40He suffered from mental retardation and had very little sight.
32:44He was weak and indifferent.
32:46He was not fond of anything and did not express any interest in power.
32:52Sofia was governing the state taking advice from her favorite Golitsyn
32:56who now had a solemn title of the military leader of the great regiment
33:00the guardian of the great seals and of the great foreign affairs of the state.
33:08With the approval of Sofia, Golitsyn developed a plan of reorganization of the state
33:12fantastic for those times that were more than 150 years ahead of its time.
33:18Its main point was the abolition of slavery.
33:23However, the project was never carried out.
33:26At that time, such an action could lead to a revolt of nobles on a large scale.
33:33The contemporaries called Count Vasily Golitsyn the Great.
33:38He was inclined to the West.
33:40He spoke five foreign languages freely.
33:43He was a great diplomat, a person of profound knowledge and mental state.
33:48He was also the most handsome man in Moscow.
33:51Sofia was deeply in love with him.
33:54She used to write him tender letters almost every day.
33:59Dear friend, I am healthy thanks to your prayers.
34:04You work too much, my dear.
34:06I do not know how to pay you for all your numerous services.
34:11No one would do that but you.
34:19Golitsyn asked Sofia to continue with the tasks of her brother Fyodor.
34:23Sofia did not fully understand the meaning and scale of those tasks.
34:27In addition, she could not overcome the resistance of the opposition of the boyars.
34:31Even so, Sofia opened the first higher education establishment in Russia for all states.
34:37The Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, based on the institute founded by her brother Fyodor.
34:44The famous Greek scholars became the first teachers of the Academy.
34:50The studies lasted 12 years and the students were divided into 8 classes.
34:54The main disciplines included Greek, Latin, Grammar, Rhetoric, Philosophy and Theology.
35:02The Academy was located in the territory of the monastery of Tsaikovsky on Nikolskaya Street.
35:08Now it is the building of the State University of Russia.
35:12The State University of Moscow is named after the Monosov.
35:16The Academy of Sciences and the Clerical Academy of Moscow emerged from it.
35:21In 1686, it was time to prolong the peace treaty with Poland.
35:27Thanks to the efforts of Chancellor Golitsyn and his people, after long and tedious negotiations,
35:34the so-called eternal peace between Russia and Poland was concluded in Moscow on May 6.
35:42It was the achievement of the crown in foreign policy throughout the 17th century.
35:46This peace was very favorable for Russia.
35:53Russia obtained the territories of the regions of Smolensk and Chernigov,
35:58as well as Ukraine on the left bank, Zaporizhia and Kiev.
36:03However, eternal peace had an additional clause.
36:08Russia had to enter the sacred anti-Turkish league of the European states
36:12and was forced to fight against the Khanate of Crimea, a vassal of Turkey.
36:17Golitsyn was delaying everything he could because he was against that war.
36:22Despite this, Sofia appointed him commander of the army.
36:27She dreamed of a great victory.
36:30It seemed to him that a small-scale victorious war would help him strengthen his positions on the throne.
36:36In addition, any woman likes to see her beloved in brilliant armor.
36:43As soon as Golitsyn left for the military campaign, Sofia began to send letters.
36:50My light, brother Vasenka, I greet you, my father, and I wish you a long life.
36:58I have no faith that you will return to us. I will only believe it when I embrace you, my light.
37:05In May 1687, 100,000 Russian soldiers joined the Cossacks of Don and Zaporizhia on the left bank of the Dnieper River and headed for Perekhov.
37:18The steppes were burned, so the horses had no food.
37:23According to rumors, it was not the Tartars, but the Cossacks who had burned the steppes because they did not want Russia to gain strength.
37:31The campaign was interrupted. The following year, the army rose to 150,000 people.
37:38On May 15, the only battle took place. The Tartars withdrew.
37:43In five days, the Russians approached Perekhov.
37:48I received all your letters from the outskirts of Pirikopo.
37:52I was walking from Zbazvinskoga.
37:55I don't remember how I got home because I was reading them along the way.
37:58Well, only God knows how much I want to see you, my light.
38:02However, Golitsyn did not dare to invade Crimea.
38:06A dry steppe stretched just behind Perekhov.
38:09Golitsyn decided to avoid massive victims and returned, saving the army.
38:14The salvation, however, was relative.
38:18He lost almost half of his people, even though there were no fights with the enemy.
38:22The results of the second campaign in Crimea were almost disastrous.
38:28History did not forgive that defeat to Count Vasily Vasilyevich Golitsyn.
38:34Later, when he was going to exile, he was displeased to learn that the disastrous failure in the steppes
38:40was one of the main points of his accusation.
38:44Golitsyn spent ten years after his campaigns on his property far from the court.
38:49On the eve of the catastrophe in Crimea, he suffered the worst blow of all,
38:54the betrayal of his beloved.
38:59While Golitsyn was fighting, the ruler Sofia fell in love with another man,
39:05a cunning and cynical Fyodor Leontyevich Sheiklovich.
39:10To please the ruler, Sheiklovich called a famous Ukrainian artist,
39:15Alexander Tarasevich, to Moscow.
39:18He painted a portrait of Sofia's parade with a royal crown, a cedar in her hand
39:24and an eagle with two heads in the background.
39:27Sofia liked it.
39:29By his order, the portrait was engraved in copper and printed in many copies.
39:34At that time, she called herself, by the grace of God,
39:38the princess and great countess, the most faithful of the entire state,
39:43the governor of the national regions and the heir and the owner.
39:51Sofia liked him very much.
39:54She was very happy with him.
39:56Sofia Alexiadna began to attend openly to official ceremonies and receptions of the ambassadors
40:02instead of standing in the back of the throne.
40:06The example of Queen Elizabeth Inglis inspired her clearly.
40:13As soon as Ivan turned 18, Sofia married a 20-year-old girl,
40:18Praskovia Saltikova.
40:20She had the appearance of a heir.
40:23In this case, the Miloslavsky clan would obtain the preference of a dynasty.
40:28However, five years passed before Praskovia became pregnant.
40:32The Naryshkins also wanted to take advantage.
40:36Pedro had not yet turned 17 when he married quickly.
40:40His mother, Lazarina, found a bride for him, Yevdokia Lupugina, 19 years old.
40:45She was not intelligent or educated, but healthy.
40:49A new career began.
40:52Who would be the first to have a son?
40:55Ivan and Praskovia had five daughters.
40:59Three of them lived.
41:01Ekaterina, Ana and Praskovia.
41:04Ana and Anovna would become the Russian empress.
41:07Ekaterina's daughter, Ana Leopoldovna, would become the queen.
41:11Ekaterina's daughter, Ana Leopoldovna, would become the regent of Ivan VI, a minor.
41:18He was the last man on the Romanov-Miloslavsky line.
41:22Pedro and Yevdokia had three children.
41:25Only the eldest, Alexei, lived.
41:28His son became Emperor Pedro II.
41:31He was the last man on the Romanov-Naryshkin line.
41:35On May 30, 1689, Pedro reached the age of maturity.
41:41Being regent, Sofia had to renounce her powers.
41:45However, she had no intentions of doing so.
41:49In her order, Sheik Lopity was spreading rumors among the stars all summer long,
41:54with the aim of carrying out a coup d'état.
41:57He was meeting with the colonels,
41:59telling them that the Naryshkins wanted to kill Princess Sofia and Tsar Ivan
42:04and send the Streltsy to serve in distant fortresses.
42:08The colonels were disgusted, but did not dare to reveal themselves openly.
42:12Then, Sheik Lopity announced the salaries he was going to pay for his participation in the coup.
42:17Two rubles for each soldier, ten rubles for each officer,
42:20and 100 rubles for each colonel plus the right to loot the courtyards of the assassins.
42:24The atmosphere intensified.
42:30On the night of August 7 and 8, in secret,
42:33some messengers arrived from the settlement of the Streltsy.
42:36They informed Pedro of the coup d'état that was being prepared.
42:40Realizing that the time had come to take power in his own hands,
42:44Pedro sent a letter to his brother, Governor-General Ivan.
42:50Our sister, Princess Sofia Alexiadna, has our state as she wants.
42:55Bandits like Fedya Sheik Lopity and his friends are planning to kill us and our mothers.
43:01Now, brother Tsar, we will govern our state on our own, since we are adults.
43:07Our sister has nothing more to do with us.
43:10It is a shame, Tsar, to be adults and let someone else rule our country.
43:15On the night, the princess received a report.
43:18Preabashenko was empty.
43:20Tsar Pedro, his mother Lazarina, along with his pregnant wife and the whole court
43:24left for the monastery of Trinidad and San Sergio.
43:27Two toy regiments and a Streltsy regiment followed Pedro
43:31under the command of Colonel Lebrenti Sugarev.
43:36The story was repeated.
43:38On the night of August 7 and 8,
43:41the story was repeated.
43:44However, the time now played against Sofia.
43:48She became a victim.
43:59On August 13, Sofia sent a messenger to Pedro, the boyar Ivan Traikurov.
44:04He returned without good news.
44:07On August 16, the boyar Pedro Prozorovsky went to the monastery of Trinidad.
44:12The result was the same.
44:16On August 20, Sofia begged Patriarch Joaquín to go there.
44:20The patriarch did not return. He stayed with Pedro.
44:24The official boyars and even the Streltsy began to leave for Troy.
44:31On August 27, Sofia went to negotiate with her brother on her own.
44:36He realized that he should not do it,
44:39that his humiliation would be in vain.
44:42However, she could not just sit and wait.
44:46In 10 vistas from the monastery of Trinidad,
44:49in the same town of Boisvisienska where Javinsky was beheaded seven years earlier,
44:53the boyar Traikurov, the ambassador of Sofia,
44:56here two weeks ago, stopped her.
44:59He gave him the order of Pedro to return.
45:07On August 31, Sofia returned to Moscow.
45:10She, along with the Streltsy in the square,
45:13left the porch of her palace and began to cry and complain about her brother.
45:17For some reason, the effect was less desirable for her.
45:20Instead of being outraged, the Streltsy were scared.
45:25Only the loyal Sheikh Klobiti stayed by Sofia's side.
45:28September 4, all the foreign regiments led by General Gordon took Pedro's side.
45:34On September 6, the Streltsy caught their leader Sheikh Klobiti
45:38and took Pedro to be judged.
45:59On September 7, Vasily Golitsyn went to the monastery of Trinidad.
46:03Pedro did not receive her and sent her to exile in Kargopol.
46:07On September 8, Sofia's name was officially excluded from the title of the Tsar.
46:12On September 9, the boyar Traikurov went to Sofia
46:16and told her the will of the Tsar.
46:18He wants to settle in the Novodevichy Monastery for the rest of his life.
46:22On September 12, Sheikh Klobiti was executed on the Great Way near the monastery of Trinidad.
46:32On October 16, the entire court of the Tsar, the boyars and the army returned to Moscow.
46:39Pedro took the reins of the state.
46:42His older brother and former governor Ivan V participated in all the ceremonies while his health allowed it.
46:48However, at the age of 27, he was very sick,
46:52he walked with difficulty and was almost completely blind.
46:56He died on February 8, 1696, on the eve of his 30th anniversary.
47:06Princess Sofia lived under surveillance in a tower of the Novodevichy Monastery.
47:11She received food from the table of the Tsar.
47:13Her allowance amounted to 2,600 rubles per year, like that of the rest of the princesses.
47:19A small number of servants stayed with her.
47:22One girl was old, two accountants and nine maids.
47:27For nine years, Sofia Alexia Pna lived in the monastery in silence.
47:32She did not manage to become a tsarina.
47:35One of her lovers died, another was far away in exile.
47:39However, Sofia refused to give up her life.
47:41She sent letters to her people of confidence.
47:44Intrigued, she carried out conversations.
47:47In June 1698, when Pedro was learning to build ships in Holland,
47:524,000 Streltsy killed their colonels
47:55and went to Bilikia and Liku, Moscow, to return Sofia to the throne.
48:02The government forces opposed them,
48:05the pre-Roshensky, Simeonovsky regiments,
48:08the foreign regiments, the regiments of General Gordon
48:12and the cavalry of the nobles of General Shane.
48:15In 40 vistas from Moscow, near the monastery of New Jerusalem,
48:19the Streltsy were defeated.
48:22The repressions began.
48:25General Shane carried out the first investigation.
48:28In the course of three days,
48:31130 people were hanged, beaten and sent to exile.
48:34In 1960, they were transferred to distant cities.
48:38In August, Pedro returned to Moscow and resumed the investigation.
48:42Another 2,000 people were executed,
48:45600 punished with whips and stigmatized.
48:49The bodies of the Streltsy were hanged on the walls of the Kremlin
48:53and in those of the Novidevichy Monastery until February.
48:57The settlements of the Streltsy were looted.
49:00The 16 regiments that were not part of the revolt were dissolved.
49:15Princess Sofia was forced to take the habit under the name of Susanna.
49:20The boyars close to her were interrogated and sent to distant monasteries.
49:24The assignment of money for the princess was considerably cut.
49:28Her staff was changed, the custody was strengthened.
49:32The bodies of three Streltsy were hanging by the window of her cell for five months.
49:37The petition addressed to Sofia with the request
49:40that she become the ruler again was tied to the hand of one of them.
49:55Sofia used to invoke fear in the court.
49:58She could win the favor of anyone.
50:01She could instigate and calm up riots.
50:04She concluded a brilliant peace and lost a strange war.
50:08She dreamed of becoming a true ruler,
50:12like the princess Byzantine Pulcheria of the theatrical performance
50:16that captivated her in her youth.
50:19She managed to realize her incredible dream when she saw her on stage.
50:22She was the first Russian princess to be released from her chambers
50:26and experienced the happiness of a woman and the little feminine power.
50:30However, the time of the ruling women had not yet come to Russia.
50:35For her seven years on the throne, she obtained fifteen in a cell of the monastery.
50:40She died in 1704 at the age of 46.
50:43The nun Susanna was buried in the cemetery of the monastery of Novodevichy.
50:48None of her relatives attended the funeral.
50:52Soon the court of the Tsar moved to the shore of the cold sea
50:56to the city of St. Petersburg.
51:02The history of the Russian state ended.
51:07It was the end of the Russian Empire.
51:10It was the beginning of the history of the Russian Empire.
51:40To be continued...
52:10The End
52:40The End