Mars vient de révéler une ambiance de plage majeure—littéralement! De nouvelles données du rover chinois Zhurong ont montré des formations rocheuses ressemblant exactement aux plages côtières de la Terre. Les scientifiques ont trouvé des couches de sédiments en pente, du type façonné par les vagues, non par le vent ou les volcans. Cela signifie que Mars avait probablement un immense plan d'eau avec de véritables marées et rivages il y a des milliards d'années. Cette découverte renforce sérieusement l'idée que Mars avait autrefois des conditions parfaites pour la vie. Imaginez des plages martiennes ensoleillées—pas besoin de crème solaire, juste d'une combinaison spatiale! 😄 Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00It looks like a beach ordinary beach, but something wreaks your fear.
00:06The sable is too red, the sun is too intense, the wind souffle in a strange way,
00:12and there is no water in the ocean.
00:15Don't worry about it, it's normal, you are on Mars.
00:19During very long time, we considered Mars as a cold and without vie,
00:23a desert where the water exists only in form of glass or smoke.
00:27But new research suggests that it was hundreds of years ago,
00:30it was a completely different place.
00:32And instead of this rain at perte of view,
00:35there was perhaps something that was much more familiar,
00:38the clouds of sable sun.
00:40The scientists of Penn State,
00:42the University of Berkeley and the University of Guangzhou
00:45studied the radar data of the Chinese rover Zhurong.
00:48It started to race on Mars in 2021.
00:51In exploring the surface of the red planet,
00:54he discovered the formations rocheuses inclinées
00:57which look at the surface of the sea.
01:00We call them the sédiments littoraux.
01:02They form under the effect of waves,
01:04which push the sable towards the river.
01:07But Zhurong didn't make a beautiful picture of taking pictures.
01:10He was also equipped with a radar capable of penetrating the soil,
01:13and this tool allowed to scan the depths of the Martian surface
01:17on 2 km between May 2021 and May 2022.
01:20He made a pretty incredible discovery.
01:23There are layers of sediment forming a pente of about 15 degrees,
01:26so a configuration identical to the one that we find on Earth.
01:30And no, it does not come from the wind,
01:32from the volcanoes or other natural phenomena.
01:34It really looked like a beach.
01:36And it's in fact very important.
01:39Because if there were waves and waves,
01:41it was supposed to be a big étendue of water.
01:44It means that Mars could perhaps
01:46meet the ideal conditions for life.
01:49Even after 3,5 milliards of years,
01:52these formations are still still similar to our earth.
01:55It is therefore a time where Mars was
01:58quite more than a simple rainwater streamer
02:00floating in space.
02:01After showing this surprise,
02:04the radar of Zhurong has scanned the soil
02:06at 79 mètres of depth,
02:08and discovered the sedimentary clouds.
02:10They were formed along a perpendicular
02:13to an ancient littoral
02:14which probably existed there
02:16probably 4,000,000 years ago.
02:17D'un autre côté,
02:18this is perhaps not so surprising.
02:20Jadis,
02:21Mars was not the desert arid and gelé
02:23that we know today.
02:25Her atmosphere was more dense,
02:27her climate was more hot,
02:28and the liquid liquid was abundant.
02:30And I'm not talking about
02:31a few small lakes.
02:32The plagues are not formed
02:33without a massive mass of water.
02:35For the waves
02:36to feed the terrain
02:37in such a way,
02:38it was necessary to throw
02:39the rivers into a vast ocean.
02:41It was necessary to be able
02:42to be able to move the water
02:43to move the sable.
02:44And all this water
02:45has remained a long time
02:46at the same place.
02:47It was not a simple period
02:49a little humid,
02:50but a few millions of years
02:51during which Mars
02:53was active on the plan hydrologic,
02:55offering the ideal conditions
02:57for the rise of life.
02:58This discovery
02:59reinforces
03:00even a theory
03:01which intrigue
03:02scientists
03:03since the years 1970.
03:04It's at this time
03:05that the Viking
03:06Viking
03:07of the NASA
03:08took photos
03:09of what seemed to be
03:10a littoral
03:11around the north of Mars.
03:12However,
03:13there was a problem.
03:14The littoral
03:15was very irregular,
03:16with the dénivelé
03:17to reach 10 kilometers.
03:19It had nothing to do
03:20with the plates
03:21and relatively uniform
03:22that we observe on Earth.
03:24This difference
03:25led by scientists
03:26to doubt
03:27a doubt
03:28of the existence
03:29of an ocean martian.
03:30Pendant years,
03:31scientists
03:32tried to
03:33this mystery.
03:34In 2007,
03:35they suggested that
03:36the rotation of Mars
03:37was modified
03:38there hundreds of years.
03:39As soon as
03:40the gigantic
03:41region volcanic
03:42of Tarsis
03:43developed,
03:44the axis of rotation
03:45of the planet
03:46was inclined,
03:47deforming the surface.
03:48This could explain
03:49why the river
03:50is so irregular
03:51today.
03:52In other words,
03:53the river
03:54was transformed
03:55over the time.
03:56Mars
03:57gives us
03:58a few years
03:59an indication
04:00of his past
04:01aquatics.
04:02Curiosity
04:03discovered
04:04the ancient
04:05ondulations
04:06in the crater
04:07Gale.
04:08Perseverance
04:09is currently
04:10a delta
04:11fluvial
04:12fossilized
04:13in the crater
04:14Jezero.
04:15Today,
04:16with the proof
04:17of the existence
04:18of an ancient ocean,
04:19everything
04:20of the sea
04:21of the sea
04:22of the sea
04:23of the sea
04:24of the sea
04:25of the sea.
04:26The mission
04:27of Zhurong
04:28s'est achevée
04:29in May 2022,
04:30when the rain
04:31is coming to cover
04:32its solar panels.
04:33But it can be
04:34that future missions
04:35can explore
04:36more detail
04:37its ancient
04:38depots
04:39of the sea.
04:40The scientists
04:41could decide
04:42to fall deeper
04:43into the sea
04:44of the sea
04:45of the sea
04:46of the sea
04:47of the sea.
04:48There is so
04:49a real hope
04:50that in the future,
04:51we can discover
04:52more information
04:53about the past
04:54Mars.
04:55In the same time,
04:56the rover Perseverance
04:57of the NASA
04:58is already working
04:59in the crater
05:00J-0
05:01to collect
05:02samples.
05:03The scientists
05:04expect that
05:05they will bring them
05:06in the years
05:07of the sea.
05:08Even if these samples
05:09will not come from the
05:10ancient ocean,
05:11they could help us
05:12to know more
05:13about the liquid
05:14of Mars.
05:15For now,
05:16the discovery of
05:17the rover
05:19was perhaps
05:20much more
05:21to the Earth
05:22with water,
05:23waves
05:24and rivers.
05:25Now,
05:26the rover Perseverance
05:27continues to work
05:28on Mars.
05:29It is equipped
05:30with a special force
05:31that it uses
05:32to gratter the
05:33sand and the layers
05:34of the rocks
05:35of the sea.
05:36One of its cameras
05:38took a big picture
05:39in a big picture
05:40which revealed
05:41that the rover
05:42was not lisse.
05:43It was composed
05:44of small crystals
05:45of two instruments
05:46to analyze
05:47the chemical composition
05:48of the rocks.
05:49The results
05:50confirmed that
05:51the rover,
05:52called Rochette,
05:53was of volcanic origin.
05:54It was formed
05:55by lava
05:56or magma
05:57and not
05:58of wood
05:59and of argile
06:00as the scientists
06:01had supposed to
06:02the presence
06:03of an ancient
06:04lake.
06:05Perseverance,
06:06which is called
06:07Percy,
06:08on Mars
06:09in February 2021,
06:10with a small helicopter
06:11called Ingenuity.
06:12It is the rover
06:13the most advanced
06:14jamais envoyé
06:15on Mars.
06:16It succeeded
06:17at Curiosity,
06:18Spirit,
06:19Opportunity
06:20and others.
06:21Cependant,
06:22Percy
06:23has a different mission.
06:24While the rover
06:25precedents
06:26studied
06:27principalmente
06:28the rocks
06:29and the
06:30climate
06:31martian,
06:32Perseverance
06:33research
06:34signs of life
06:35past.
06:36If scientists
06:37chose
06:38the cratère G0,
06:39it is
06:41and collected
06:42the rocks
06:43that he studied
06:44at the aid of his
06:45scientific instruments.
06:46He also collected
06:47some rocks
06:48to bring them
06:49on Earth
06:50where they will be studied
06:51at least.
06:52Perseverance
06:53has made
06:54amazing discoveries
06:55on Mars.
06:56The scientists
06:57who analyze
06:58the data
06:59that he sent us
07:00to discover
07:01that the cratère
07:02G0
07:03has changed
07:04a lot
07:05a long time.
07:06This region
07:07was covered
07:08in fusion
07:09by the rivers
07:10that transport
07:11of the sand
07:12and the sable
07:13and has even
07:14experienced enormous
07:15floods
07:16from the regions
07:17lointain.
07:18This means
07:19that the history
07:20of G0 is more active
07:21and imprevisible
07:22that the scientists think.
07:23It has certainly made
07:24more difficult
07:25the research
07:26of the sedimentary
07:27but it also revealed
07:28new places
07:29where life
07:30could exist
07:31by the past.
07:32Another
07:33passion
07:34of
07:36Perseverance
07:37contains
07:38carbon
07:39the same
07:40that those
07:41that compose
07:42the life
07:43on Earth.
07:44The rover
07:45Perseverance
07:46of the NASA
07:47is also equipped
07:48with an instrument
07:49called MOXIAE
07:50which managed to produce
07:51oxygen from the carbon dioxide
07:52from the carbon dioxide
07:53in the Martian atmosphere.
07:54During these tests
07:55MOXIAE
07:56has produced
07:57about 113 grams
07:58of oxygen
07:59so enough
08:00to allow
08:01an astronaut
08:02to respirate
08:03he has even
08:04surpassed
08:05the expectations
08:06producing
08:07up to 12 grams
08:08of oxygen
08:09per hour.
08:10After two years
08:11of good work
08:12MOXIAE
08:13a finished
08:14his last test
08:15in September 2023.
08:16Thus, we will make
08:17a more step
08:18to the colonization
08:19of Mars.
08:20But we are going
08:21to discover
08:22these ancient
08:23rivers
08:24martians
08:25could allow
08:26to see
08:27the red
08:28red
08:29red
08:30red
08:31red
08:32problems
08:34That
08:34was
08:37weird
08:39or
08:39Earth
08:42did
08:43have
08:44prowad
08:45a
08:46kind?
08:48of
08:51life