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00:00Peter the Great he was the man who took a backward inward-looking Russia and transformed it he built
00:11the country's first Navy grew the Russian Empire and turned it into a modern European power he
00:19also founded this one of the greatest cities in the world St. Petersburg but while these
00:26achievements were clearly remarkable as a look into Peter's private life reveals even more
00:32remarkable was the man who made them happen in this episode I'll look behind closed doors at the
00:41private life of Peter the Great I'll uncover his rocky family life from the wife he forced to become
00:48a nun to the son whom it said he personally tortured I'll reveal the lengths he went to
00:56to westernize his realm bringing in the new while ruthlessly throwing out the old and I'll
01:03discover how he expressed his passions for progress and science in truly outlandish style by visiting
01:11the museum Peter himself established the kunst camera complete with his bizarre collection of
01:18pickled human fetuses Peter the Great was a massive contradictions a modernizer and a dictator
01:26generous to his friends but utterly cruel to his enemies he dominated everyone he came into contact
01:32with he knew what he wanted and he was utterly ruthless in getting what he wanted how did Peter
01:40govern Russia through the most debauched drinking club in history how did a love of science manifest
01:47itself in the most gory of ways and what was the traumatic childhood event that made one of the most
01:55enlightened rulers in Russia's history also one of the most brutal this is the private life of Peter the Great
02:10Peter was born in Moscow in 1672 his father was Russia's
02:40ruler Tsar Alexis who died when Peter was just four years old and his mother was Tsarita Natalia because
02:49Natalia was actually Alexis's second wife Peter's childhood was dominated by a power struggle between the
02:57families of the two wives who each fought to have the throne passed down their line the nourished keeners
03:04back to Peter and the Miloslavskis his sickly half-brother Ivan
03:10technically it would have gone and did go to Feodor the oldest son that was Peter's half-brother when he died
03:20early the next in line was Ivan the other half-brother who was mentally and physically incapable of reigning and
03:30the council saw that at an early stage and against the opposition of the regent Sophia they wanted Peter and
03:40Peter had the character to go for it and therefore the succession fell on him and he became Tsar
03:51but Ivan's faction acted fast within weeks of Peter's accession they sparked a revolt of the
03:58Streltsy the Streltsy were a kind of imperial bodyguard who was sworn to protect the Tsar and the government the
04:06trouble was they couldn't always decide who the legitimate government was and they were whipped
04:11up by Ivan at one stage his Miloslavsky faction into revolt and they began to think they could decide who
04:20was going to be the Tsar so they organized a revolt against Peter's own family and then teamed up with
04:25his sister against Peter they came to the Kremlin in Moscow took it over and massacred many of the top
04:35officials who they blamed for various ills and grievances that they had built up and they reacted in a
04:44savage way they threw men women and children onto the points of their spears the horror and bloodshed of
04:54the brutal revolt was witnessed by the ten-year-old Peter himself and it was to scar him permanently
05:05the revolt ended in a compromise Peter would rule jointly with Ivan but as Peter was only 10 and Ivan
05:19weak power increasingly fell into the hands of Ivan's older sister Sophia Sophia was clever and a schemer and
05:28took control of the government pushing Peter out he and his mother fled to a village outside of Moscow and
05:36lived in permanent fear for their safety growing up away from the palaces and courts of his forefathers
05:43Peter became a very different kind of man Peter from an early age was not a member of the rather stiff and
05:53stilted court the imperial court in Moscow he was brought up in a village to the east of the city and
06:01he was more or less given free run he mingled with peasants from an extremely early age got interested in
06:09things like ships and sailing this had the effect of making him scornful of conventions and the conservative
06:17social norms of the tsarist court and in many ways made him his own man a wild free spirit
06:25early in 1689 when Peter was 17 his mother arranged for him to marry a young woman called eudoxia while she
06:41soon fell pregnant with a son who would be called Alexei Peter did not take to her and indeed his
06:49relationship with his son would go on to be similarly poor he much preferred the company of a Westphalian
06:57wine merchant called Anna Mons who became his mistress
07:00hard to imagine that eudoxia was ever going to please Peter I mean she was dodgy she was puritanical
07:11she was terribly conservative in contrast along comes Anna Mons Peter likes to drink she's the
07:17daughter of a wine merchant perfect and they can match each other drink for drink and she's
07:22jolly good fun so he preferred Anna later that same year another revolt occurred in the palace Sophia
07:33tried to use it to her advantage but this time she failed Peter removed her from power and in a form of
07:42punishment that was to become a bit of a favorite of his he banished her to a convent
07:47so Peter's childhood had been a combination of bitter family feuds and a rather pleasant but very
07:59unroyal upbringing away from court followed by more fighting that finally put him on the throne
08:06this unconventional early life would go on to produce a very unconventional man
08:17in 1691 Peter established the all-joking all drunken synod of fools and jesters the synod held parties
08:29which would start at noon and go on till dawn the next day there was ceremony on an insane level
08:36his old tutor was appointed Prince Pope who presided over proceedings wearing a tin hat and a coat half made
08:45of gambling cards sat on a beer barrel there were jesters giants a circus of dwarves obese freaks and
08:58dancing girls Peter instructed that the Prince Pope be worshipped with excessive drinking and gave officials
09:06of the synod obscene titles such as archdeacon thrust the print actually they're all too rude to say here but to give you a flavor there was also a group of courtiers carrying suggestively shaped sausages on cushions
09:22at the drunken synod Peter himself was the master of the rebels he would he had this enormous physical energy this restlessness
09:34may have been related to his epilepsy that he was all would be dashing around messing people's hair up banging drums
09:42going outside letting off artillery letting off fireworks basically letting off steam and he had a lot of steam to let off
09:50all this alcohol consumption at some point was going to claim a victim
09:56and Yakov Turgenev was one of the synod members and a buddy of Peter
10:02and the czar organized a kind of mock wedding for him where basically traditional Russian customs were completely ridiculed
10:11I mean typical behavior of the synod and there was a whole heap of drinking
10:14unfortunately poor Yakov Turgenev couldn't quite take it and he died during his own wedding
10:21it all sounds utterly ridiculous and plainly it was but behind the debauchery lay a serious purpose
10:33as Peter grew in his power the group turned into the synod of fools and jesters
10:41and it became an important part of government growing to the extent where the members were
10:46any cabinet minister or government official who wanted any influence at all and even members of the clergy
10:52Peter saw his predecessors as prisoners of dull religious ritual and the synod was how he broke free from that
11:05imposing his autocratic power in a new way
11:10the power he wielded then went beyond the outrageous parties and would become crucial as he began the controversial reshaping of his realm
11:20first in spring 1695 he attacked the Ottoman fortress of Azov he failed so he went and built Russia's first ever navy
11:32he tried again and succeeded but the experience had taught him something
11:38Russia was lagging behind its rivals and it became Peter's mission to modernize his backwards realm
11:45but first he wanted to forge alliances and acquire knowledge so he went on his grand embassy
11:52embassy basically a gap year tour of the more advanced Europe
11:58Peter found especially in England almost everything about the modern world that fascinated him
12:06he would take watches to bits and put them together he would go and visit the royal mint in the tower of London
12:13in fact he could barely tear himself away from it and kept going back
12:16he loved looking at the new architecture of London St Paul's Cathedral the royal naval college
12:23fantastic this city that had risen from the ashes of the great fire
12:28gave him I think the germ of the idea for the city that he would found St Petersburg
12:34Peter the great loved attending anatomy demonstrations dissections in Amsterdam
12:41and one of the courtiers was quite revolted by the spectacle and Peter the great forced him to bite
12:48a piece off the corpse and chew it and Peter also carried around his own surgical instruments
12:55and he'd offered to pull people's teeth well not offer he insisted on pulling people's teeth
13:01which no doubt made many of the courtiers keep their dental problems to themselves
13:05at once enlightened and crass Peter caused wonderment and shock in equal measure everywhere he went
13:17he could be respectful or he could be rude at any given moment
13:22and few instances show the negative sides of his personality
13:26more than the way he treated his accommodation while staying in London
13:31John Evelyn was a well-known diarist and essayist at the time of Peter the great
13:38he had a beautiful house in Deptford and lovely gardens that he'd tended for 40 years
13:44and he decided to make all this available to Peter the great while he went off somewhere else
13:49unfortunately Peter the great behaved like a 70s rock star in a hotel room
13:54he just trashed the entire place so when John Evelyn comes back to his own home
13:59he finds all the chairs have been used for firewood
14:02the paintings in his house have been used for dartboard practice
14:05the windows were smashed and his beautiful garden had been totally destroyed
14:10because they developed this game with the wheelbarrows in the garden
14:14and Peter the great would be carted around and they'd smash through hedges and walls and so on
14:18and a very angry Evelyn demanded that the British state pay for all the repairs
14:24which came to about 350 pounds an enormous sum at the time
14:28Peter's wild tour of Europe came to an abrupt end when in July 1698
14:39he was informed that the Streltsi had once again revolted back in Russia
14:44he had his army deal with the uprising but cut his trip short and returned home
14:50he arrived back in Moscow in September to be greeted by a welcome party of bearded boyars
14:57after a year in modern clean-shaven Europe it was like going back in time
15:03that had to change
15:05after embracing those present Peter took out a barber's razor and began cutting off their beards
15:18at a stroke of the razor the elite of Russian society were utterly transformed superficially at least
15:26into Europeans problem was at the time a beard was seen as a god-given gift by Russians
15:34so while it might be amusing now to those present it was utterly horrifying
15:40the size of your beard in a way was a measure of your virility and your and your worth and your social status
15:49all this was completely different beards have gone out of fashion in the west most people were clean shaven
15:55and Peter identified shaving the non-wearing of beards with modernity and with progress
16:04the orthodox church was furious I mean they regarded this as blasphemous
16:11but he even introduced a tax and if you wanted to grow a beard you had to pay for it
16:16beards dealt with he moved on to eudoxia the wife he'd been shackled to age 17 and had never taken to
16:28he kidnapped their son from her and sent her to a convent
16:32next on his list were those who'd rebelled against him in his absence
16:37and as they discovered Peter did not do punishment by half measures
16:43over a thousand of those involved in the revolt were put through torture chambers to be crippled
16:52or maimed before being beheaded hanged cut to pieces bit by bit or broken on the wheel to die in agony
17:01bodies were hung from the gates at every entrance to the city as a reminder of what happened to people
17:10who crossed the czar Moscow Peter said would be saved not by pity but by cruelty for him it was torture by day
17:21and parties at the drunken synod by night
17:27true to his hands on nature Peter took personal charge of the torturing of the strelzi he himself
17:39flogged them sometimes they were roasted alive their bleeding backs were held over open flames they were
17:50wrapped and their limbs were torn from the joints Peter saw all this he took part in all this he
17:58supervised this I think he probably enjoyed it executions for all sorts of crimes were pretty
18:05common in Europe at around this time but even by the standards of the time Peter the Great could be
18:11pretty sadistic and I mean there's one instance where the ex-lover of his wife was impaled and the
18:18execution took 14 hours in public it was all about making an example not to rebel
18:27and so by the end of the year beards had been cut sleeves had been slashed the czarica was in a
18:39monastery and the strelzi had been almost destroyed with internal disorder in Russia quelled he turned
18:47his attention back to modernization first on his list was an outlet on the Baltic for lucrative trade
18:55routes with Western Europe and that meant taking on Sweden Sweden was being ruled by King Charles the
19:0412th and since he was only 18 years old Peter and his allies spied an opportunity so from his bedchamber
19:13porch in the Kremlin Peter declared war on Sweden but it was not going to be an easy victory in fact it
19:21would become a struggle that would last over 20 years King Charles the 12th of Sweden was a very energetic
19:30young man possibly gay known as the Swedish meteor the lion of the north and he's really the man
19:38through his wars with Russia who turns the young czar Peter into Peter the Great
19:44Charles was equally as visionary and as stubborn as Peter himself was and in this two decade-long battle
19:56the two turned into the bitterest of rivals but also foes with a growing but grudging deep respect for each other
20:08things didn't start well for Peter Russia suffered a catastrophic defeat at the first battle of Narva in
20:16November 1700 but when Sweden was forced to counter the threat from Peter's allies Russia was able to regroup
20:24by 1703 it had captured a fort on the river Neva called Nienskans but Peter ordered the construction of his own
20:34fort the Peter and Paul fortress Peter soon began to see it as a foundation stone not only of the fortress
20:43behind me here but of a new capital city it was also symbolic of his ambitions for Russia and a catalyst to
20:53help achieve them it was his window on the west and its name was of course St Petersburg
21:03St Petersburg certainly wasn't an ideal place to build a city it was marshy it was unhealthy hardly
21:11anyone lived there it was very difficult to get stones and supplies and water and food up there
21:19but simply speaking it was where Peter wanted to build it and it was where it was built
21:29by the time the construction of St Petersburg was underway Peter had lost interest in his mistress
21:35Anna Mons and had moved on to the 19 year old Catherine
21:39not much is known of her origins but it seems likely that she was the daughter of a peasant probably
21:48of Lithuanian or Scandinavian background she had qualities that Peter had not found in any other
21:55woman she was kind-hearted and compassionate and was one of few people who could keep up with his
22:02relentless drive and energy the pair fell very much in love
22:14in the winter of 1704 Catherine had a child whom they named Peter
22:19the couple would produce 12 children 10 of which would sadly die very young
22:27but while Eudoxia was still alive Peter hesitated about marrying Catherine
22:34when they did eventually get married in the autumn of 1707 it was in secret
22:39it was a rebellion it was against all the norms and conventions the traditions
22:49of czarism and that was why he and she kept it secret because he knew that the court would not
22:57approve this marriage to a rather obscure not wealthy not really from the higher nobility from the boyar
23:06but he kept it secret while his private life was taking shape albeit very much behind closed doors
23:20russia was still embroiled in the war with sweden peter's dedication to the marshy patch of land where
23:27his city was growing was preventing the pair from making peace
23:31but in june 1709 on the fields of modern-day ukraine he had a breakthrough
23:43the battle of poltava was a decisive victory for russia and really the death knell for sweden's war
23:51aspirations it marked the point where russia became a great european power and peter pressed his advantage
24:00in the spring of 1710 he swept unopposed through sweden's baltic provinces creating a buffer zone
24:08for his beloved saint petersburg russia would no longer be the obscure old muscovy it was a western
24:17and westernizing power in its own right and because of its numbers and because of the changes that peter
24:24had made every other european country from henceforth would have to take account of russia
24:37but something was playing on peter's mind he'd now been supported for nearly 10 years by his wife
24:44catherine but their marriage was still a secret he thought this was unfair and so in february 1712
24:53he threw caution to the wind and married her in public with the ceremony she deserved
24:59she became a close confidant and encouraged his aspirations she was also the person he turned to
25:10for comfort when a problem that had plagued him throughout his life became worse
25:19all his life peter had a a nervous tick although it seems to have been aggravated by alcoholism and
25:25possibly venereal disease and he also had these terrible convulsions which would start with his
25:32neck twisting and then his facial muscles contorting and all of this seemed to happen at periods of great
25:38stress and clearly must have horrified his courtiers and all those around him
25:43when attacks took hold catherine would be sent for she would lay him down hold his head and gently stroke his
25:56hair and temples until the convulsions calmed down and he fell asleep but for a man of action such as peter
26:05sleep was something he had little time for his ambitions for saint petersburg were growing by the day
26:13to find out more about its construction i'm meeting historian arthur gamely
26:22we are the admiralty the center of russian shipbuilding of that time initiated of course by peter the great
26:30with his uh unquenchable love for the sea and the ships and he thought of himself that was a
26:39master of a ship and russia is that ship he's destined to to to rule and to teach and to get into
26:46the open sea but also it is it was that precisely the third attempt of his to um to make down the
26:54foundation of a regular city and now he had uh the great help of that french architect leblanc invited
27:02specially by the tar and it was leblanc who came up with that famous trident scheme right of the three
27:12main thoroughfares of the city coming off from the admiralty and that was precisely that scheme that
27:22marked the city's uh the city's architecture the plan of it for the centuries to come and you still see
27:29that today we still do we feel it and we have peter on every stone we walk on excellent
27:40one of the buildings still standing from peter's time
27:44is the summer palace unlike much of the city he was very particular about building it in stone
27:52the problem was that the city was surrounded by marshland but that would not halt his dream
28:00peter was so fussy to see his paradise you know grow
28:07that he ordered that no stone building anywhere else in russia should go on that all stone buildings
28:18should be stopped in russia except for st petersberg but there's another problem yet again we're back to
28:25those incredibly severe conditions of the area around where he wanted to build his paradise no stone
28:32what peter does again with his power of inventiveness and his will to go through to his dream he introduces
28:42a tax and one of the very particular st petersbergian taxes he introduced was to bring stone into the
28:51city so anyone going to the city would have to bring at least two or three stones with him depending really
28:59on the ways he he who could carry them other than with the shape of other means and um that is how we
29:08we constructed that city so the summer palace that peter constructed was of course very influenced by
29:15the palaces the royal residences that he'd seen on the grand embassy in western europe uh but it did have
29:23a very russian a very peteress touch in the beneath the uh the the lovely open uh windows and and the paintings
29:32he had his own private torture chamber which you wouldn't have found in kensington palace for example
29:38as saint petersberg was taking shape peter's thoughts turned to the future and the succession
29:54problem was his son and heir alexei had grown up in a very different mold to his father
30:01alexei didn't have exactly what you'd call a stable childhood you know when your own father
30:08kidnaps you when you're eight and sends your mother to a convent and there was a real clash of
30:13personalities between him and and his father you know his he's the the kind of bookish nerd you know
30:18he's into poetry and and he's into the fine arts whereas uh peter is the kind of the jock basically
30:24he's into building stuff i mean the two of them were never going to get on as he began to see that
30:31alexei was everything that he despised in russia old traditional backward looking i think this combined
30:41with his uh neglect of the boy to produce something which actually was very close to murderous hatred
30:48and as peter's reforms changed so much of traditional russian society it created opposition and many of
31:00these people started to turn to alexei in the hope that he would go on to undo his father's controversial
31:08work alexei actually tried to keep out of peter's way physically he he tried to distance himself and
31:15there's an exchange of letters in which um peter threatens uh the boy with the traditional punishment
31:21that he um uh issued to all his relatives who got in his way that he would send him to a monastery
31:29or in the case of women to a nunnery uh if he didn't bow the knee and do what his father wanted but
31:37alexei didn't he got involved with the opposition to peter he may well have conspired actively against
31:44his father and therefore he brought about his own destruction
31:52on the morning of the 3rd of february 1718 he was brought before peter his son dropped to his knees
32:00and acknowledged his guilt begging forgiveness peter initially pardoned him on condition that he tell the
32:08whole truth about his former conduct and reveal the names of those who'd secretly supported him
32:14and alexei talked many of those he named were condemned to a slow full death before a huge crowd
32:23of spectators but still peter's doubts were not satisfied and so he ordered that his own son be tortured
32:32on the 26th of june 1718 while undergoing a torture session in the peter and paul fortress alexei died
32:46it was officially given out that alexei had uh died of natural causes that he he'd got an illness and
32:54passed sadly passed away in fact the evidence is pretty clear that alexei was flogged with the
33:01traditional brutal russian whip the knout which is rather like a more savage version of the old english
33:08katanine tales peter himself wielded the knout he probably almost certainly flogged his own son
33:17i think he had two sessions one with 15 strokes and one with 25 strokes and so peter literally
33:24tortured his own son to death
33:31was alexei really a threat to his father while peter lived probably not would he have overturned peter's
33:38modernizing reforms once his father had died the jury's out but for peter it was not worth the risk
33:47sometimes however his brutality seems totally unjustifiable such as when he found out his former
33:54mistress mary hamilton had been sleeping with his adjutant and been pregnant three times it began
34:02with a session in the torture chamber mary confessed to killing three babies so peter sentenced her to death
34:11by beheading on the 14th of march 1719 she mounted the scaffold peter kissed her and told her he wouldn't bend
34:21the rules to save her mary fainted the executioner brought down his sword peter picked up the head and
34:30proceeded to give the crowd an anatomy lesson pointing out the windpipe vertebrae and gushing arteries before
34:39kissing it and throwing it to the ground
34:46the torturing of his son the beheading of his mistress were both part of the darker side of peter's
34:52personality and can make it hard to see him as peter the great but there was another side to him
35:00that was far more progressive he instituted a lot of reforms that are sometimes forgotten
35:06i mean for example he banned the infanticide of babies who were deformed from birth he uh
35:13got rid of arranged marriages and at the wedding ceremony the groom no longer wielded a whip as
35:19as had been the tradition but seal the deal with a kiss
35:22this nowhere encapsulates his forward thinking mindset better than the kunst camera the museum he
35:34established and the first ever in russia but at first glance you'd be forgiven for thinking that the
35:41strange collection contained within is yet another example of peter's darker side but head of research
35:49Yuri Chishtov paints a very different picture so this all looks quite strange
35:56what is the collection about Peter the Great founded the first museum in Russia
36:03in 1714 as part of the big idea of enlightenment in Russia and education in
36:14Russia so he started with buying big collections available in Europe and he
36:23bought big collection from two men in Amsterdam from Frederick rice the
36:33professor of anatomy in Amsterdam who was very famous producing the specimens in
36:42jars piece of the great to decide to talk to take this big collection about 2,000
36:49jars in Russian paid a lot of money to start the medical schools here in Russia
36:58which he need to very much during many wars between Russia and other countries
37:03and so Peter created a cabinet of curiosities they were very popular at
37:09the time for natural and historical science but it wasn't that he had an
37:15unusual interest in that side of nature it was more that he wanted to modernize
37:21the thinking of the Russian people to show them that there were no monsters
37:24these were natural creations of the natural world this was an attempt to
37:29sweep away superstition so why was it so important to Peter that he advanced
37:38medicine and science in this way I think the most important thing was to create the
37:47medical schools and to teach students in Russia it was very important to produce
37:59medicines because it was a lot of wars the surgeons was in very big need in army also in cities so Peter had a
38:16very practical aim in mind absolutely Peter really wanted to overhaul the
38:24archaic Russian education system creating a vast collection of books specimens and
38:30medical and scientific paraphernalia for students to use you can imagine Peter
38:36studying the contents of these jars perhaps even using some of these tools to
38:41extract the odd tooth from one of his subjects there is one item here that we
38:47know was particularly close to his heart
38:51Wow that's incredible yes this is very famous part of the pieces of the great
39:01collection it's got all globe so this was one of Peter's favorite items in the
39:08collection yes we can see so and in memories you can read that nearly every
39:16morning here used to come to the globe and sit inside or outside and thinking and
39:23speaking with some important people so this ambassador sometimes and looking at
39:28Russia's place in the world planning his next move in neighboring countries it
39:34really is extraordinary and it's what what is inside it because there's a
39:39inside is a planetarium 10 12 people can sit inside really yes and when it was
39:47spinning you can see the sky with stars stars was from the nails of different sizes yes
39:56so it was very very nice and Peter himself would have gone inside that that's incredible
40:04over time the kunst camera grew to become one of the biggest scientific collections in
40:12history but Peter didn't stop there when the printing press arrived in Russia he
40:19personally promoted the technology to further disseminate knowledge to his people he not
40:25only commissioned translations of technical manuals and Western books into Russia but he read them
40:32himself he annotated themselves he is surviving library is full of his own jottings and his own writing
40:39it's this urge to improve to find out how things worked and to put them into practice that marks Peter out as a
40:48great Tsar as Peter the Great
40:55in September 1721 Sweden was finally defeated and Peter was officially proclaimed Peter the Great
41:04Emperor of all Russia but by this point his health was in decline the man who had overcome the might of the Swedish Empire and put Russia firmly on the
41:10his health was in decline.
41:12The man who had overcome the might of the Swedish Empire
41:16and put Russia firmly on the world stage
41:19was to be defeated by a bladder infection.
41:25As last rites were administered, Peter gasped,
41:29I hope God will forgive my many sins
41:32because of the good I tried to do.
41:35He sank into a coma,
41:37and at 6am on the 28th of January 1725,
41:42Peter died aged 52.
41:50Peter the Great had a life
41:52that you quite simply couldn't make up.
41:55He was the father of European thinking and innovation in Russia
42:00and made the country a great power.
42:04But to achieve this took both extremes of Peter's personality.
42:09There was the enlightened modern thinking
42:12born of a childhood spent away from courts
42:16and that formative year spent away from Russia.
42:19But not everyone welcomed his reforms,
42:23and those who opposed him faced Peter's other side,
42:28the cruel tyrant.
42:32At the time, there were plenty of people
42:33who didn't think he was so great.
42:35You know, the old aristocracy, the treasury.
42:38I mean, he pretty much bankrupted the country with all these wars.
42:41So views of Peter at the time were much more conflicted,
42:44and a lot of people would not have said Peter was great.
42:48Peter personally, and Russia as a society,
42:53and of course all the thousands and thousands of victims
42:56who died in this headlong rush to modernity,
42:59were the high price that had to be paid
43:02if Russia was going to be turned
43:05from an antiquated, backward-looking, inward-looking state
43:10into the formidable power
43:12which has been a dominant force in world affairs
43:16ever since Peter lived.
43:18Did he have to be that brutal?
43:20Did he have to torture his own son to death?
43:22Probably yes.
43:24Although his private life defies belief even today,
43:34within that madness was one constant,
43:37his sheer drive and energy.
43:40His force of will led not only to the construction
43:44of this great city, but created a Russia
43:47that was more respected in Europe than ever before.
43:51After Peter, Russia would always be
43:54a force to be reckoned with.
44:00Up now on SBS, a whole lot of laughs
44:03on 8 out of 10 Cats Does Countdown.
44:05Over on SBS Food, head to the Dales of Yorkshire
44:08and get ready for tomorrow
44:09as we learn how to make their signature pud
44:11and a quick Sunday roast on Bill's Tasty Weekends.
44:21No more UNITS.
44:22In the United States in the Philippines,
44:23the UK region Throughout the Americas.
44:24No more UNITS.
44:25In the United States in the Philippines,
44:26but in people's Tasty Weekends,
44:27while the Bills of Yorkshire and the hemisphere
44:28in the United States in the Philippines
44:29are not only to happen to the university
44:30but it is of very, is that a huge value
44:31that we have to continue to achieve.
44:32Until now, whatever you want to be
44:33in, is to turn through and dare at a work.
44:34We want to grow up.
44:35The United States with a place
44:36and the United States in the Philippines
44:37and continue to pursue two things.
44:38The United States in the Philippines
44:39…