De Lucrécia Bórgia a Malinche e Marie Curie: as contribuições das mulheres foram frequentemente minimizadas ou deturpadas nos livros de história. Duels of History (re)conta suas histórias em oito episódios.
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00:00O ano de 1521
00:04marcar o império do Aztec,
00:06abençado por uma horda de plunderers
00:08do mar, o Espanhol.
00:10Os conquistadores
00:11tomaram vantagem
00:11do empere Moctezuma II's
00:13fortaleza.
00:14Mas nós esquecemos uma mulher,
00:16Malinche.
00:17Sem essa jovem indígena,
00:19quem sabe se o Espanhol
00:20poderá invadir o México.
00:22Até hoje, ela é acusada
00:24de desfazerar sua população.
00:25Então, a conquista não era apenas
00:27sobre os homens fortes.
00:30Antes da chegada do Espanhol,
00:38Malinche morou no sul do México
00:40no Yucatán península.
00:42Naquela época,
00:43os maias dominavam a região.
00:45Eles eram os guerreiros
00:45e praticavam esclavos.
00:48Na idade de 19,
00:50Malinche era o seu príncipe.
00:52A idade da filha do senhor,
00:53ela foi desfazada do seu pai
00:55quando o pai morreu
00:56para o benefício do seu jovem.
00:57A irmã da filha do seu pai,
00:58ela foi desfazada do seu pai.
01:00Ela foi desfazada do seu pai
01:00e, por isso,
01:01ela foi desfazada do seu pai.
01:02A irmã da filha do seu pai.
01:03A degradação é,
01:04comente com constantemente terror.
01:06Entre os maias,
01:07como entre os aztecs,
01:08os maios e prisões
01:09que muitas vezes
01:09acabavam de sacrificar
01:11no topo da pirâmide.
01:12Malinche sabia
01:13que sua vida
01:14estava pegando por um pedaço.
01:15Mas então,
01:16o inocente aconteceu.
01:17Especialmente avançados
01:18desfazados no sul do sul.
01:21Em 15 de março,
01:22milhares de conquistadores
01:23desfazaram em Potonchan.
01:25Eles foram enviados
01:26por um exigual de notaria
01:27turno adventurer,
01:28Hernán Cortes.
01:30Depois de participar
01:31na conquista de Cuba,
01:33Cortes atacou México
01:34com um objetivo
01:35de aliviar seu pocket.
01:37Sua arrival
01:38panicou os maios
01:39que dominou o Yucatán.
01:42Malinche,
01:42no outro lado,
01:43viu no evento
01:44o modo de escapar
01:46de sua condição.
01:47Para ela,
01:47esses foranões
01:48não poderiam ser mais
01:49do que as torturas.
01:50A alegria foi short-lived.
01:52Os maios
01:53ofereceram as um dono
01:54para os homens do março.
01:56Ela que pensou
01:57de ser livre
01:58permaneceu a slave.
01:59A única diferença
02:00é que, com os Spaniardos,
02:02ela foi imediatamente
02:02convertida para o católicismo.
02:04800 quilômetros
02:07away
02:07é a cidade de México.
02:094 centímetros
02:10ago,
02:10foi chamada
02:11Tenochtitlan,
02:12a capital
02:12do o império
02:13do Azteca,
02:13e pareceu
02:14mais assim.
02:16Uma arquitetura
02:17abençada
02:17em pirâmides
02:18no meio
02:19de um março
02:19envolvido
02:20de volcanos.
02:22200,000
02:23habitantes.
02:24Em 1519,
02:25Tenochtitlan
02:26foi uma das
02:26mais populações
02:27do mundo,
02:28mais que
02:29Paris e
02:29Roma
02:30combinados.
02:31Moctezuma II
02:32vive lá,
02:33um
02:33feared by
02:34his people
02:34and his
02:35adversaries
02:35alike.
02:36Elected
02:37against
02:37his will
02:37by
02:38the
02:38nobles,
02:38Moctezuma
02:39finally acquired
02:40a taste
02:40for power.
02:41He had
02:41the right
02:42of life
02:42and death
02:42over 25
02:43million
02:44subjects.
02:44He was
02:50a true
02:50aparachic
02:51of the
02:51Aztec
02:52system,
02:52a valorous
02:53warrior,
02:54a tyrannical
02:54leader
02:55and a
02:55faithful
02:55believer
02:56in the
02:56religion
02:56of his
02:57ancestors.
02:58Emperor
02:59Moctezuma
02:59was
03:00also
03:00a
03:01seer.
03:02But
03:03in
03:031519,
03:05when
03:05the
03:05empire
03:05seemed
03:06to
03:06be
03:06at
03:06its
03:06peak,
03:07bad
03:07omens
03:08were
03:08multiplying.
03:09The
03:10passage
03:10of
03:10a
03:10comet
03:10seemed
03:11to
03:11warn
03:11Moctezuma
03:12of an
03:12imminent
03:13disaster.
03:15Another
03:15prediction
03:16announced
03:16the
03:16return
03:17of
03:17Quetzalcoatl,
03:18a god
03:18who had
03:19promised
03:19revenge
03:19after being
03:20expelled
03:20from
03:21Mexico.
03:22So
03:23when
03:23Moctezuma
03:23heard
03:24that
03:24the
03:24Spanish
03:24had
03:25landed,
03:26he
03:26wondered
03:26if
03:27he
03:27was
03:27dealing
03:27with
03:27this
03:28deity.
03:31Not
03:31to mention
03:32that the
03:32Aztecs
03:32knew
03:33nothing
03:33of the
03:33horses,
03:34iron
03:34and
03:35firearms
03:35brought
03:36by
03:36the
03:36Spanish.
03:37In
03:37other
03:37words,
03:37they
03:38were
03:38terrified.
03:40A
03:40fine
03:40tactician,
03:41Moctezuma
03:41sent a
03:42delegation
03:42of
03:43diplomats
03:43to
03:43contact
03:44the
03:44Spanish,
03:45who
03:45in
03:45the
03:45meantime
03:45had
03:46arrived
03:46at
03:46the
03:46borders
03:47of
03:47the
03:47Aztec
03:47Empire.
03:49The
03:49emissaries
03:49presented
03:50themselves
03:50to
03:51Cortes
03:51with
03:51welcome
03:52gifts.
03:55From
03:55afar,
03:56Malinche
03:56watched
03:56the
03:57meeting
03:57between
03:57the
03:58Aztecs
03:58and
03:58the
03:58Spanish.
03:59But
03:59Aguilar,
04:00Cortes'
04:01translator,
04:01only
04:02spoke
04:02Mayan.
04:03He
04:03didn't
04:04understand
04:04a
04:04word
04:05of
04:05Moctezuma's
04:06language,
04:06Nahuatl.
04:07Malinche,
04:08on the
04:08other
04:08hand,
04:08understood
04:09both
04:09languages,
04:10so she
04:10seized
04:11her
04:11chance
04:11and
04:12translated.
04:23Her
04:23aplomb left
04:24everyone
04:25stunned.
04:26Suddenly,
04:26Cortes
04:27understood
04:27how much
04:28he could
04:28gain
04:28from
04:28this
04:29slave.
04:30Overnight,
04:31Malinche's
04:32destiny
04:32changed.
04:34The
04:35young
04:35woman
04:35learned
04:36Spanish
04:36and
04:36became
04:37indispensable
04:38as
04:38an
04:38interpreter.
04:38Malinche,
04:41with her
04:41instinct
04:42for
04:42survival,
04:43knew
04:43where
04:44her
04:44interests
04:44lay.
04:45She
04:45knew
04:45the
04:45Aztec
04:46Empire
04:46inside
04:47out,
04:47especially
04:47its
04:48weaknesses,
04:49so she
04:49put her
04:50knowledge
04:50and
04:50intelligence
04:51to work
04:51in
04:51service
04:52of
04:52the
04:52Spanish.
04:53This
04:53former
04:54princess
04:54went
04:55back
04:55to
04:55her
04:55aristocratic
04:56origins.
04:57She
04:57would
04:57soon
04:57become
04:58a
04:58diplomat.
04:59Soon
04:59she
04:59would
05:00be
05:00leading
05:00the
05:00meetings
05:01with
05:01the
05:01other
05:01natives,
05:03even
05:03influencing
05:04Cortes
05:04in
05:05his
05:05decisions.
05:05And
05:06the
05:06conquistador
05:07was not
05:07insensitive
05:08to the
05:08young
05:09woman's
05:09charm.
05:10They
05:10didn't
05:10hide
05:11it
05:11and
05:11never
05:11left
05:12each
05:12other's
05:12side.
05:14So
05:14much
05:15so
05:15that
05:15in
05:15the
05:15Mexican
05:16lands
05:16the
05:16rumor
05:17spread.
05:17A
05:18mixed
05:18couple
05:18is
05:18at
05:19the
05:19head
05:19of
05:19an
05:19army
05:19that
05:20is
05:20destroying
05:20everything
05:21in
05:21its
05:21path.
05:22August
05:221519,
05:24Malinche
05:24and
05:24Cortes
05:25marched
05:25on
05:25Tenochtitlan.
05:27The
05:27road
05:27was
05:27perilous
05:28as
05:28they
05:28had
05:28to
05:28cross
05:29the
05:29independent
05:29state
05:30of
05:30Tlaxcala.
05:31The
05:31Tlaxcalans
05:32attacked
05:32the
05:33Spanish.
05:34At
05:34one
05:34against
05:3550,
05:35Cortes
05:36and
05:36his
05:36men
05:36risked
05:37succumbing
05:37despite
05:38the
05:38superiority
05:38of
05:39their
05:39weapons.
05:40Yes,
05:40but
05:40Malinche
05:41knew
05:42that
05:42Tlaxcala
05:42was
05:43Moctezuma's
05:43sworn enemy.
05:44She
05:45obtained
05:45a
05:45ceasefire.
05:46Without
05:47her,
05:47the
05:47Spanish
05:48would
05:48have
05:48been
05:48massacred.
05:49Even
05:50better,
05:51Malinche
05:51negotiated
05:52an
05:52alliance
05:52between
05:53the
05:53conquistadors
05:54and
05:54the
05:54Tlaxcaltics.
05:55In
05:56reality,
05:56Mexico
05:57was
05:57divided.
05:58Moctezuma
05:59may have
05:59been
05:59the
06:00emperor,
06:00but
06:00he
06:00had
06:00many
06:01enemies
06:01at
06:01home.
06:02The
06:03Tlaxcaltics
06:03weren't
06:04the
06:04only
06:04ones
06:04who
06:05opposed
06:05him.
06:05There
06:05were
06:06also
06:06the
06:06Totonacs
06:07and
06:07the
06:07Mayans.
06:09In
06:09Tenochtitlan,
06:10Moctezuma,
06:11who had
06:11spies
06:11everywhere,
06:12followed
06:12the
06:12progress
06:13of
06:13the
06:13invaders
06:14from
06:14afar.
06:15He
06:15was
06:15stunned
06:15to
06:16discover
06:16the
06:16existence
06:17of
06:17this
06:17diplomat,
06:18Malinche.
06:19Because
06:20among
06:20the
06:20Aztecs
06:21it
06:21was
06:21forbidden
06:21for
06:22women
06:22to
06:22have
06:22any
06:22political
06:23role.
06:24So
06:24for
06:24one
06:24of
06:24them,
06:25a
06:25slave
06:25in
06:25the
06:26service
06:26of
06:26a
06:26foreign
06:26conqueror,
06:27to
06:28negotiate
06:28with
06:28his
06:29enemy,
06:30the
06:30chief
06:30of
06:30Tlaxcala,
06:31what a
06:32scandal.
06:33His
06:33generals
06:34urged
06:34him
06:34to
06:34attack,
06:35but
06:35Moctezuma
06:36refused.
06:37Always
06:37cautious,
06:38he feared
06:38the
06:38curse
06:39of
06:39Quetzalcoatl.
06:40What
06:40if
06:40Cortez
06:41and
06:41Malinche
06:42were
06:42sent
06:42by
06:42the
06:42gods?
06:43On
06:44the
06:448th
06:45of
06:45November
06:451519,
06:46Malinche
06:47and
06:47the
06:47conquistadors
06:48quietly
06:48entered
06:49Tenochtitlan,
06:50along
06:50a
06:51two
06:51kilometer
06:51causeway.
06:52The
06:52Aztecs
06:53rushed
06:53in
06:54fascinated
06:54to
06:55see
06:55the
06:55arrival
06:55of
06:56these
06:56men
06:56with
06:56skin
06:57as
06:57white
06:57as
06:57lime
06:58accompanied
06:58by
06:58this
06:59mysterious
06:59slave
07:00with
07:00exemplary
07:00courage.
07:01When
07:02he
07:02discovered
07:02Malinche,
07:03Moctezuma
07:03himself
07:04was
07:04taken
07:04aback
07:05by
07:05her
07:05self
07:05assurance.
07:06She
07:06spoke
07:06to
07:07him
07:07as
07:07an
07:07equal.
07:07No
07:13force.
07:13He
07:14tried
07:14to
07:14soften
07:14Cortez
07:15up
07:15by
07:15offering
07:16gold,
07:16convinced
07:17that
07:17he
07:17would
07:17go
07:17away.
07:21But
07:22that's
07:22definitely
07:22not what
07:23happened.
07:24In
07:24Tenochtitlan,
07:25Cortez
07:25and
07:25Malinche
07:26settled
07:26down.
07:33The
07:34months
07:34went by
07:35and the
07:35tension
07:35mounted.
07:36The
07:36presence
07:36of
07:37foreigners
07:37was
07:37less
07:37and
07:38less
07:38tolerated
07:38by
07:38the
07:39population.
07:40In
07:40the
07:40eyes
07:40of
07:40his
07:40loyal
07:41generals,
07:41Moctezuma's
07:42caution
07:42was
07:43now
07:43seen
07:43as
07:43weakness.
07:45Malinche,
07:46who had
07:46had to
07:46witness
07:47human
07:47sacrifices,
07:48publicly
07:48denounced
07:49this
07:49bloody
07:50practice
07:50of
07:50religion.
07:51This
07:52was
07:52one
07:52provocation
07:53too
07:53many.
07:54This
07:54time,
07:54the
07:54emperor
07:55went
07:55into
07:55a
07:55rage.
07:57The
07:57Spanish
07:58sensed
07:58danger.
08:00To
08:00regain
08:01the
08:01initiative,
08:02they
08:02put a
08:02plan
08:02in
08:02place
08:03to
08:03stop
08:03Moctezuma.
08:05Far
08:05from
08:05defending
08:05himself,
08:06the
08:06emperor
08:06allowed
08:07himself
08:07to
08:07be
08:07taken
08:08as
08:08if
08:08he
08:08considered
08:09his
08:09death
08:09inevitable.
08:12Malinche
08:18advised
08:18him
08:19not
08:19to
08:19rebel
08:19if
08:19he
08:19wanted
08:20to
08:20avoid
08:20the
08:20massacre
08:21of
08:21his
08:21people.
08:25With
08:25the
08:25Aztec
08:25leader
08:26neutralized,
08:27Hernán Cortes
08:27took the
08:28opportunity
08:28to get
08:29his hands
08:29on his
08:29fabulous
08:30treasure.
08:30When
08:31they
08:31found
08:31out,
08:32the
08:32inhabitants
08:32of
08:32Tenochtitlan
08:33were
08:33furious
08:34and
08:34they
08:34revolted.
08:36Malinche
08:36asked
08:37Moctezuma
08:37to go
08:38and
08:38calm
08:38things
08:38down,
08:39but
08:39the
08:39emperor
08:39was
08:40stoned
08:40to
08:40death
08:40by
08:41his
08:41people.
08:41And
08:42now
08:42the
08:43conquistadors
08:43were
08:44caught
08:44in
08:44their
08:44own
08:44trap,
08:45besieged
08:46in
08:46the
08:46heart
08:46of
08:46Tenochtitlan.
08:48On
08:48the night
08:48of
08:48the
08:4930th
08:49of
08:49June
08:49the
08:501st
08:50of
08:50July
08:501520,
08:51the
08:51invaders
08:52tried
08:52to
08:52escape,
08:53but
08:53Tenochtitlan
08:54was
08:55an
08:55island,
08:55and
08:56to
08:56get
08:56out
08:56you
08:56had
08:56to
08:57cross
08:57the
08:57famous
08:57dike.
08:59It
08:59was
08:59a
08:59massacre.
09:01Hundreds
09:01of
09:01Spaniards
09:02lost
09:02their
09:02lives.
09:04It
09:04was
09:05named
09:05the
09:05Noche
09:05Triste,
09:06the
09:06sad
09:07night
09:07in
09:07Spanish.
09:08Malinche
09:09and
09:09Cortes
09:09were
09:09among
09:10the
09:10few
09:10survivors,
09:11they
09:11found
09:11refuge
09:12with
09:12their
09:12Tlaxcaltec
09:13allies.
09:14There
09:14within
09:15a
09:15few
09:15months,
09:16Cortes
09:16managed
09:17to
09:17reconstitute
09:18an
09:18army
09:18with
09:18the
09:18help
09:18of
09:19Spanish
09:19reinforcements
09:20from
09:20the
09:20coast.
09:20With
09:21Moctezuma
09:21dead,
09:22the
09:22empire
09:22slowly
09:23sank
09:23into
09:23anarchy.
09:25A
09:25year
09:25later
09:25with
09:26the
09:26help
09:26of
09:26the
09:26young
09:26woman
09:27and
09:27the
09:27Tlaxcaltecs
09:28the
09:28Spanish
09:35meant
09:36peace.
09:37She
09:37could
09:37finally
09:38start
09:38to
09:38enjoy
09:39happiness.
09:40Her
09:40enemies
09:40were
09:40dead
09:41and
09:41in
09:411522
09:42she
09:42gave
09:43birth
09:43to
09:43Martin
09:43the
09:44first
09:44official
09:45mixed
09:45race
09:45child,
09:46the
09:46fruit
09:46of
09:46her
09:47love
09:47with
09:47Hernán
09:47Cortes.
09:48It
09:48could
09:49all
09:49end
09:49well
09:49for
09:50her.
09:51Except
09:51that
09:51Cortes
09:52who
09:52now
09:52ruled
09:53the
09:53empire
09:53no
09:54longer
09:54needed
09:54her.
09:55He
09:55left
09:55her
09:56and
09:56erased
09:56her
09:56from
09:56the
09:57accounts
09:57of
09:57the
09:57conquest
09:58of
09:58Mexico.
09:58Even
09:59worse
09:59he
09:59was
09:59going
10:00to
10:00take
10:00her
10:00son
10:00away
10:01from
10:01her
10:01and
10:01return
10:01to
10:02Spain.
10:02Malinche
10:03died,
10:03some
10:04say
10:04of
10:04grief,
10:05around
10:051528
10:06in
10:06Tenochtitlan,
10:07now
10:07Mexico
10:07City.
10:09Five
10:09centuries
10:09later,
10:10history
10:10has not
10:11forgotten
10:11Moctezuma
10:12or
10:12Malinche,
10:13but
10:13their
10:13example
10:13far
10:14from
10:14bringing
10:14people
10:14together
10:15divides
10:15Mexicans
10:16to
10:16this
10:16day.
10:17For
10:17many,
10:18Moctezuma
10:18due
10:18to
10:19his
10:19indecision
10:19was
10:20responsible
10:20for
10:20the
10:20defeat,
10:21while
10:21for
10:22others
10:22he
10:22was
10:22the
10:22last
10:23great
10:23indigenous
10:24leader,
10:24the
10:24one
10:24who
10:25dared
10:25to
10:25confront
10:25the
10:25Spanish
10:26terror.
10:27As
10:27for
10:27Malinche,
10:28despite
10:28Cortes'
10:29culpable
10:29silence,
10:30his
10:30contemporaries
10:31bore
10:31witness
10:31to
10:32her
10:32incredible
10:32epic.
10:33The
10:33codexes
10:34written
10:34and
10:34drawn
10:35in
10:35the
10:3516th
10:35century
10:36reveal
10:36the
10:36central
10:37roles
10:37she
10:37played
10:38in
10:38the
10:38fall
10:38of
10:38the
10:38Aztec
10:39Empire,
10:39so
10:40modern
10:40Mexicans
10:40remember
10:41her
10:41very
10:41well.
10:42For
10:42good
10:42or
10:43bad,
10:43some
10:43have
10:44made
10:44her
10:44a
10:44legendary
10:45heroine,
10:45a
10:46volcano
10:46was
10:46named
10:47after
10:47her.
10:48For
10:4821st
10:48century
10:49feminists,
10:49she's
10:50even
10:50a
10:50role
10:50model,
10:51but
10:51for
10:51many
10:51Malinche
10:52is
10:52a
10:52chingada,
10:53a
10:53bad
10:53person.
10:54In
10:54fact,
10:55in
10:55Mexico,
10:55when
10:56you
10:56want
10:56to
10:56refer
10:56to
10:56someone
10:57who
10:57denies
10:57their
10:58origins,
10:58you
10:58say
10:59Malinchista.
11:02What
11:03is
11:03certain
11:03is
11:03that
11:04by
11:04giving
11:04birth
11:04to
11:04the
11:05first
11:05mixed
11:05race
11:05child,
11:06Malinche
11:06established
11:07herself
11:07as
11:07the
11:14as
11:15the
11:16child.
11:17I
11:18don't
11:18know.