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00:00A Global Summit on Artificial Intelligence is underway in Paris.
00:14The event, which is taking place at the Grand Palais, is a chance for world leaders to rub
00:18shoulders with tech executives who are leading the change.
00:22In the run-up to the gathering, OpenAI's Chief Executive penned an op-ed in French
00:26daily Le Monde, where he wrote,
00:28If we want growth, jobs and progress, we must allow innovators to innovate, builders to
00:33build and developers to develop.
00:36For more on the summit, here's our correspondent reporting.
00:43If there was ever a sign that drumming up investment had taken priority at this summit,
00:49which is called the AI Action Summit, rather than the AI Safety Summit, as previous editions
00:54were called, it's the fact that today is really about doing business.
00:59We're seeing many more tech leaders here than we are world leaders so far.
01:03The plenary with the world leaders is tomorrow, and that's when there's supposed to be a political
01:08declaration to be signed by lots of them.
01:10But today, the headline is that 109 billion euro investment in French AI infrastructure
01:18that Emmanuel Macron announced in his speech on Sunday night.
01:24Now, one of the contributors to this pot of money is Hugging Face.
01:31That's an American company led by a French man called Clément Delong.
01:36He talked to us a little bit earlier.
01:39So we're going to double our investment with more team members, more infrastructure here
01:44in France.
01:45We will focus on open source AI, of course, that we've been doing for four years now.
01:50And also in robotics, we're really excited about in France, and a focus on AI apps.
01:58We're lucky to be the most used platform for AI builders at Hugging Face today, with more
02:04than 10 million AI builders using the platform.
02:08So hopefully, more investment will mean more impact.
02:12So you heard there him talking about open source AI.
02:14They are the leader in open sourcing AI projects.
02:18He also told me that he'd be doubling Hugging Face's investment in France as part of that
02:25109 billion euros announced by Emmanuel Macron.
02:30For more on this story, we can bring in Frederic Pascal, director of the AI Institute of Paris-Saclay
02:35University.
02:36Good afternoon.
02:37Thank you so much for joining us here on the program today.
02:39You were at this summit, this AI summit at the Grand Palais.
02:42Can you tell us what it's like, what the atmosphere is like?
02:46Yeah, for sure.
02:47Thank you for the invitation.
02:48And yeah, the atmosphere is very interesting because there's a big spotlight on Paris and
02:55also France, many announcements.
02:58And there's this connection between companies, academic, policy makers.
03:04So yeah, it's great.
03:06Can you tell us where exactly France and Europe is positioned in this AI race?
03:10Because it seems that the United States and China, out of nowhere, are leading the charge.
03:16I mean, the U.S. and China, they announced very big LLMs, so these AI models.
03:23We have also AI models in France with Mistral AI.
03:28So I think only one point is missing in France and Europe is investment.
03:34And so that's why the announcement of President Macron was very good.
03:39OK, you're talking about the 109 billion dollars.
03:42I'm going to ask you about that in just a little bit.
03:44Emmanuel Macron's team had a little fun using artificial intelligence ahead of the summit.
03:49Take a look at what they came up with.
04:14OK, so there you had the French president essentially talking about how AI can be used,
04:23but it also shows the dangers of this technology, doesn't it?
04:27Yes.
04:28So I think this is something interesting because we can see that anybody can use AI, can use
04:35AI models, AI apps.
04:38But of course, there is danger.
04:40So that's why it's a way to open discussion on regulation, what we can do with AI, how
04:47we have to specify that new video, new images is from AI or not.
04:54We had Sam Altman who wrote an op-ed in Le Monde in the run up to this conference taking
05:00place where he essentially called for, if we want growth, jobs and progress, we must
05:05allow the innovators to innovate, builders to build and developers to develop.
05:10But he's not talking about regulation, is he?
05:13Where are we on regulation?
05:14So this is one of the objectives of the summit, to find a good tradeoff between innovation
05:19on one aspect.
05:21And I mentioned Mistral, but we saw Hugging Face as a French company.
05:26So innovation on one part and regulation on the other part.
05:30Regulation on the data.
05:31So there is already the GDPR law, but also regulation on the usage of AI, just to specify
05:40the law around the usages of AI.
05:44Because for example, a couple of months ago, one of my colleagues on the French channel,
05:49he had his, there was his face, his voice, but they were using a different language and
05:57saying something totally different.
05:59This is just one example of how AI can be used negatively and essentially spread disinformation.
06:05Yeah, that is the main problem.
06:08And this is a risk to use AI in a wrong way.
06:11So that's why I think something essential is to train people, to train people to AI,
06:18how to use AI, what is a good use or a bad use, what are the risks of AI.
06:24This is something essential.
06:25I think France starts in that way.
06:29So you are director of an AI institute at a university here in Paris.
06:35What are some of the positive ways students can be using artificial intelligence?
06:39OK, so in our institute, one main axis is on AI for medicine.
06:45We saw the medical imaging yesterday during the President Macron interview.
06:51And those images came from research from my institute.
06:57So this is one aspect that is very positive, how to help doctors to find where a cancer
07:04is exactly, to have a personalized medicine.
07:07This is very important implication of AI.
07:12Another aspect we work on is on the mathematical foundation of AI.
07:15So how to explain those black box model?
07:19Because we know it's easy to generate images, video, but we have to explain how it works.
07:25So this is another aspect of the research activities in the institute.
07:31And what are some of the downfalls of it?
07:33What are some of the downfalls of artificial intelligence on college campuses?
07:41It's kind of difficult.
07:44There's many, many uses of that.
07:47I talk about research, but also for training.
07:51For us, AI brings something completely different.
07:54It's not only for society.
07:56We know Chagipiti or Le Chat, but also in teaching at the university, how it would transform
08:02all the services.
08:04So that's also something essential for us to train with or at the hour of AI.
08:13Stay with us, Frédéric, because another thing we've been talking about is can we safely
08:17embrace artificial intelligence?
08:20For decades, sci-fi films and novels have imagined scenarios where intelligent machines
08:24shed the shackles of human control to take over the world.
08:28Now once a concept of our collective imaginations, AI is now part of our everyday lives.
08:32And it's not uncommon to hear concerns about such systems getting too much power.
08:38Eliza Herbert reports.
08:42Joe Biden and Donald Trump closer than ever.
08:45Or Emmanuel Macron embracing Marine Le Pen.
08:49As deepfakes grow more and more prolific, so do the abuses of artificial intelligence.
08:55In just a few clicks, an image can be falsified and virally spread across the internet.
09:01But bots, too, are adding to disinformation.
09:04According to experts, programs that impersonate real people can be a dangerous digital tool,
09:10especially when generating myths or rumours around election campaigns.
09:15Now important questions that we should tackle, the future of the workforce, of course, the
09:22impact on our society, on our democracies.
09:25Automation threatens to replace jobs like customer service, retail and many other professions.
09:32Generative AI can clone voices used in impersonation scams.
09:36And services such as ChatGPT, capable of producing text, image and sounds, directly endanger
09:43artists' livelihoods, copyright and the collective imagination.
09:49How can we fail to see that this is the Trojan horse for giving up the use of our most fundamental
09:55faculties?
09:56Another issue is on the battlefield.
09:59Militaries already use AI in warfare for mass surveillance and with autonomous drones.
10:06And recently, Google dropped its ban on using AI to develop weapons.
10:11It could also be used in much more dangerous and harmful ways.
10:18For example, kill anyone who fits the following description.
10:25Bias and discrimination, privacy and data leaks and the environmental cost of the heavily
10:32energy-dependent services are a few more of the risks that come with AI.
10:39We can now bring in Frédéric Pascal once again.
10:42He's director of the AI Institute for Paris-Saclay University.
10:47Frédéric, talk us through the dangers of the disinformation and deepfakes.
10:52Yeah, so the video was very interesting because I think AI does not work alone.
10:58There's always human working with AI, deciding AI can advise, help, assist, but the decision
11:05should remain human, especially we saw war images.
11:10So that's something important.
11:12For generative images, it's very important to be able to recognize, to make the difference
11:18between generative images and true images.
11:22Same thing for the voice.
11:23Same thing for video.
11:24So generative images are sort of Macron, his face on it.
11:30Okay, so that's what a generative image is.
11:32Yes, it's something that does not exist, that is generated by an AI system.
11:37And generally, it's very difficult to recognize that it's not a true image.
11:43That's why we mentioned deepfakes, because it's very difficult and it asks a new question.
11:48I heard about democracy, that is something very important, where the truth is.
11:53And what about deepfakes that appear on social platforms like Facebook, for instance?
11:59What should be done about policing that?
12:04It would be difficult to answer because, you know, the CEO of Facebook or Meta didn't share
12:10the same policy as Europe, for instance, who wants to regulate, to control.
12:17This is something that has been decided with an international governance of AI.
12:24This is essential because we cannot produce anything without explaining what is this production,
12:32especially for images, voice or videos.
12:36Do you think it's possible for Europe to keep a regulation in check here on the continent
12:41or is it going to be difficult for Europe if there is no regulation in the United States,
12:46for instance?
12:47Yeah, I agree it would be difficult, but I think AI Act is the first piece of this regulation.
12:55And also now we need advances in technology, I mean, to be able to detect deepfake.
13:02That is not easy, by the way.
13:05Now, the French president, as you said, announced this 109 billion dollars, billion euros rather
13:10investment in the years to come.
13:13Where will this money be used and where will it come from exactly?
13:16So mainly the money will be for computing resources because, as you know, AI system,
13:23to build AI system, we need computing resources.
13:27And also for using AI, we need computers.
13:30So this is the main part of the usage of this money.
13:35There's several hedge funds that have announced investing in this envelope of 109 billions.
13:44OK, so we'll see how this pans out and how this summit pans out.
13:49Frédéric, thank you so much for taking the time and coming to speak to us here on François
13:52et Cat.
13:53Thank you for the invitation.
13:55Now, while using AI tools like ChatGPT may seem revolutionary.
13:59The truth is new data centers are run at a huge cost to the environment.
14:04Eliza Herbert has been finding out.
14:08Artificial intelligence is rapidly advancing.
14:11Computer programs are able to replicate the world in detail with precision.
14:16But will it come at a cost to the real thing?
14:20Estimates say that a single ChatGPT inquiry requires around 10 times the electricity of
14:26a Google search.
14:28According to the International Energy Agency, the local data centers that power AI are already
14:34straining local grids, often burning fossil fuels which jeopardize climate targets.
14:40It's a topic on the mind of some world leaders at the AI summit in Paris this week.
14:46How we make sure that we have the energy to power AI in a clean enough way and an efficient
14:53enough way that's not going to set us back in our fight to reduce carbon emissions.
14:59Ahead of the summit, over 120 organizations signed a joint statement calling for AI systems
15:06to be made within the demands of planetary boundaries.
15:10Fossil fuels must be phased out to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions heating the planet.
15:15Yet there is increasing evidence of AI systems driving up emissions and locking in reliance
15:20on fossil fuels while exhausting critical resources like water, land and raw materials.
15:27Data centers are large water consumers relying on water to cool servers and prevent them
15:33from overheating.
15:34According to the UN, global AI-related infrastructure may soon consume six times more water than
15:40Denmark, a country of six million people.
15:44Another problem is mining.
15:47One two kilogram computer requires 800 kilograms of raw materials and their microchips require
15:54rare earth minerals.
15:55AI tools such as mapping greenhouse gas emissions also have the potential to combat environmental
16:02crises.
16:03The question is, will they do more harm than good?