Vous vous êtes déjà demandé comment les anciens Égyptiens ont construit les pyramides avec une précision stupéfiante ? 🏜️ Ils utilisaient des outils ingénieux comme des cordes, des niveaux et des fils à plomb pour mesurer et aligner tout parfaitement. Les pyramides étaient positionnées pour faire face aux directions cardinales, et certains experts pensent qu'ils utilisaient même les étoiles pour les guider ! ✨ Des ouvriers qualifiés taillaient d'immenses pierres et les transportaient à l'aide de traîneaux et de rampes, démontrant leur génie en ingénierie. De plus, des milliers de travailleurs collaboraient harmonieusement, créant un niveau de travail d'équipe difficile à imaginer de nos jours. C'est un mélange de planification intelligente, de techniques avancées et d'une énorme quantité d'efforts humains ! 🏗️ Animation créée par Sympa.
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Stock de fichiers (photos, vidéos et autres):
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https://www.eastnews.ru
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FunTranscript
00:00Secant, Cosinus, Tangent, Sinus, 3, 1, 4, 1, 5, 9.
00:06It was the rallying cry of the trigonometry club at the time.
00:10For all the other students of the math class,
00:13terms such as Sinus, Tangent and Pi were simply disconcerting.
00:18Who invented them and why?
00:19Was their only goal to make things more difficult for the students?
00:23Well, not quite.
00:25Trigonometry was invented by the ancient Egyptians.
00:28They needed this knowledge to build their pyramids,
00:32and they did a good job.
00:33The Great Pyramid of Giza is still standing today,
00:37some 4,500 years after its construction.
00:40And no one complained.
00:41So let's get out of this classroom
00:43and go on a time travel
00:45to uncover the secrets of the precision of the ancient Egyptians.
00:50Here you are on the site of the Great Pyramid,
00:52about 15 km from Cairo in Egypt.
00:55The city is not there yet.
00:57You are surrounded by desert and many workers.
01:00They carry large blocks of stone, each weighing 2.5 tons.
01:05These blocks are on wooden sleds
01:07which themselves rest on large cylinders.
01:10A team of eight men rolls these blocks forward.
01:13It immediately reminds you of the rolling of a supermarket cash register.
01:17The principle is exactly the same,
01:20but the scale is larger, much larger.
01:23Scientists estimate that the Egyptians used 2.3 million blocks of this type
01:29just for the Great Pyramid.
01:31And the block in front of you is one of the lightest.
01:34The heaviest of them weighed nearly 15 tons.
01:38But where did all these blocks come from?
01:40Most came from quarries located around Giza.
01:44It's not very impressive, you think.
01:46But wait to find out how the engineers of antiquity
01:49transported granite over 800 km to the pyramid.
01:53At the time, there was no railway or highway.
01:56But there was the Nile, this powerful river.
01:59Researchers even think that the Egyptians dug a canal
02:03to connect the Nile directly to the site of the construction of the pyramids.
02:06All it took was to wait for the start of the season of cranes,
02:09and the trick was done.
02:11The rise of the waters made the heavy blocks of stone float.
02:14But how did they then lift all these huge stones on the firm ground
02:18to stack them up to the top?
02:20Did they have gigantic cranes?
02:22The ancient Egyptians got around this problem.
02:25Literally.
02:26One of the workers now shows you the giant ramp
02:29that goes around the pyramid they are building.
02:32This is how a mountain road would make a zigzag path to the top.
02:37If the ramp directly joined the top of the pyramid,
02:40the workers could not use it to pull the blocks of stone.
02:44It would be too abrupt.
02:45Scientists have calculated that the maximum inclination was 8%.
02:50The ancient Egyptians therefore simply extended the ramp around the pyramid.
02:54Once again, this is only a theory,
02:57because the ramp could have been inside the pyramid,
03:00as some researchers suggest.
03:02The exact method of construction remains a mystery,
03:05jealously kept by the Sphinx.
03:07It's his real name, isn't it?
03:09Well, it's wrong.
03:10The Great Sphinx is only the pseudonym of the statue.
03:13You know, the name that writers take
03:16when they want to hide their true identity,
03:18or the stage name of a singer.
03:20The real name of the Sphinx,
03:22translated from Egyptian,
03:24means
03:25Horus on the horizon.
03:26It was the name of the Egyptian deity of the sky.
03:29The mystery does not stop there.
03:31A man walks in front of you with a bucket of paint.
03:34He will add a touch of color to the Great Sphinx.
03:37The researchers found spots of this red color
03:39next to his ear.
03:41This is a very resistant paint,
03:43which lasted for thousands of years.
03:45You now stand in front of the Sphinx.
03:48You look up.
03:49It's very big, isn't it?
03:5120 meters, to be precise.
03:53Resist the urge to take a selfie.
03:56Come on, you can do it.
03:57You now notice something else.
03:59It looks like the Sphinx is in the center of a giant triangle.
04:03It's one of the sides of the Great Pyramid.
04:05And no,
04:06your eyes are not fooling you,
04:08the Sphinx is really in the center of the side face of the pyramid.
04:12This is where mathematics comes into play.
04:14A four-sided pyramid,
04:16called a side face.
04:18There is also a fifth face,
04:20the base,
04:21but it is not visible.
04:22It is, you guessed it,
04:24the hidden face.
04:25The Sphinx has one last mystery to reveal,
04:28its age.
04:29Scientists agree to say
04:31that it was Pharaoh Kephren
04:32who built it.
04:34He reigned after his father who had built the Great Pyramid,
04:37very close.
04:38The two structures
04:39were therefore completed at the same time.
04:42But let's go back to our pretty numbers.
04:44You have heard of Cleopatra,
04:46this Egyptian princess
04:48who was said to be of great beauty?
04:50She saw the pyramids,
04:52but she lived closer to the time of the first iPhone
04:55than those of the pyramid builders.
04:57Fascinating, isn't it?
04:59You can see thousands of people around you.
05:01They work hard to build the Pharaoh's tomb.
05:04But how many are they exactly?
05:06A Greek philosopher estimated that there were up to 100,000 workers.
05:10This figure seems acceptable for such a gigantic structure,
05:14but it cannot be correct.
05:16Science simply cannot confirm this figure.
05:19Egyptologists estimate the total number of workers to be 30,000.
05:23And yes, Indiana Jones was one of them,
05:25at least on the big screen.
05:27But he arrived late.
05:29Egyptologists know a lot about the pyramids,
05:31but they don't know everything.
05:33Not because they don't want to know,
05:35but because they haven't gathered enough evidence yet.
05:38They can only suppute the construction process.
05:41First, the engineers arrived to choose the right place
05:45and take the necessary measures.
05:47That's why they needed all this complicated mathematics.
05:50Then, they had to supply themselves with materials.
05:54The big blocks of stone I mentioned earlier.
05:56The boats delivered them to the location of the future pyramid,
05:59and the workers could finally get to work.
06:02They worked in small groups,
06:04but there were at least 2,000 to be chiseled and sculpted at all times.
06:07Does this look like a construction site today?
06:10It's very similar.
06:12But it happened thousands of years ago.
06:14It's amazing to see what the Egyptians of Antiquity
06:17were able to achieve with tools made of copper and stone.
06:22The pyramid is now finished.
06:24But is it the same pyramid as the one we see today?
06:28Why does this structure shine under the desert sun?
06:32Isn't it supposed to be a dusty yellow?
06:34Well, no.
06:36Over time, human activity and elements
06:38completely stripped the outer layer of the stones.
06:41Expert craftsmen polished these blocks
06:44using only stone and sand.
06:46The final result was a smooth and shiny stone.
06:50On the day of its completion,
06:52the Great Pyramid of Giza was a perfect triangle of light.
06:55Its polished faces were like giant mirrors,
06:57reflecting the powerful Egyptian sun.
07:00That's when you had to put on your glasses.
07:02The shiny thing you see at the top of the pyramid
07:05is actually made of gold.
07:06We call Pyramidion the crownstone
07:08that is placed at the top of a pyramid.
07:10It was covered with gold leaves.
07:12As you can guess,
07:14these stones disappeared first.
07:16Before bringing you back to your classroom,
07:19we're going to make another stop.
07:21We're going to the British Isles.
07:23And no, we're not going to Stonehenge.
07:26This is Newgrange, in the County of Meath.
07:29Scientists estimate that the ancient Irish people
07:32built this stone monument
07:34around 3,200 BC.
07:38It is therefore older than Stonehenge
07:41and than the Great Pyramid of Giza.
07:43The function of the circular mound of Newgrange
07:46is the same as that of the Great Pyramid
07:48and is just as mysterious.
07:50It is estimated at more than 220,000 tons
07:53the volume of detached stones present in the valley.
07:56And these are not randomly thrown stones on a pile.
08:00The order in which they are placed
08:02makes the structure impermeable.
08:04This would explain how Newgrange
08:06could last so long.
08:08Don't you suddenly want to get
08:10a very waterproof case for your phone?
08:13You're back to your desk.
08:15But today's math class
08:17is the last thing you think about.
08:20You think about the size of the Egyptian pyramids
08:22and you wonder if we have
08:24anything similar today.
08:26Well, know that modern engineers
08:28are just as impressed as you
08:30by the Great Pyramid.
08:32We find a glass pyramid
08:34in the main courtyard
08:36of the famous Louvre Museum in Paris.
08:38The panorama of San Francisco
08:40would not be complete
08:42without the Transamerica Pyramid
08:44of 48 floors.
08:46But it is in Las Vegas
08:48that we went the furthest.
08:50It is in this city that the Luxor Hotel is located.
08:53Yes, a replica of the Sphinx.
08:55It is 33.5 meters high,
08:57two floors higher
08:59than that of Giza.
09:01And yes, everything is bigger in Las Vegas.