Des scientifiques travaillent sur des projets étonnants pour ramener des animaux disparus à la vie d'ici 2028 ! Le mammouth laineux, une créature géante ressemblant à un éléphant poilu qui parcourait l'ère glaciaire, est l'un des principaux candidats. En utilisant de l'ADN de mammouths congelés et en le mélangeant avec de l'ADN d'éléphant moderne, les chercheurs espèrent recréer une version vivante de cette espèce depuis longtemps disparue. Ils essaient également de ramener le tigre de Tasmanie, un marsupial ressemblant à un loup qui a disparu dans les années 1930. Ces projets de "réapparition" pourraient aider à restaurer les écosystèmes et nous en apprendre davantage sur la conservation, bien que certaines personnes s'inquiètent des risques de jouer avec la nature. Si ces projets réussissent, ces animaux pourraient à nouveau parcourir la Terre d'ici quelques années seulement ! Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00What do Paris Hilton and Chris Hemsworth have in common?
00:03Apparently, they both want to bring animals back to life.
00:07But it's not about making your favorite animal live forever.
00:11No, these celebrities help a scientific company
00:14to bring back to life animals that no longer exist,
00:17like the mammoth, the Tasmanian tiger,
00:20and even the emblematic dodo.
00:23If everything goes as planned,
00:26these fascinating creatures could come back to live among us by 2028.
00:31This revolutionary project is led by a company called Colossal Biosciences.
00:36Right now, these researchers are working on a way
00:39to bring back to life the genes of hundreds of animals
00:42that disappeared from the Earth a very long time ago.
00:45The idea is to reproduce these genes
00:47by using the DNA of a contemporary relative.
00:50If all of this seems completely incomprehensible to you,
00:53we will explain everything to you.
00:56The mammoth is therefore one of the animals they plan to bring back to life,
01:00and people are particularly enthusiastic about this subject.
01:03These gigantic and fascinating creatures
01:05traveled through certain regions of Africa, Europe, Asia,
01:09and North America until about 4,000 years ago.
01:13If you confuse them with modern elephants,
01:15know that there are essential differences between them.
01:18First of all, they had large curved defenses inside
01:22that were used to dig to find food.
01:25They were also able to survive in glacial climates.
01:29They had, for example, two thick layers of fur
01:32to keep their blood warm.
01:34Mammoths and elephants, however, have many things in common.
01:37The mammoth rhino shares 80-19.5% of its genes
01:41with its closest relative, the Asian elephant.
01:43This is very important, because it means that mammoths
01:46are genetically closer to Asian elephants
01:48than Asian elephants are to African elephants, for example.
01:52The company's bold project is to create a hybrid mammoth-elephant
01:56that would look exactly like those that once traveled the planet.
02:00This animal will look like a rhino mammoth,
02:03walk like it, and even make the sound of a rhino mammoth,
02:06but above all, it will be able to live in the same ecosystem
02:09as the original mammoth.
02:10If scientists manage to recreate enough of these creatures,
02:14one of their main objectives
02:16will be to contribute to restoring the ecosystem of the Arctic tundra.
02:21But how do they plan to recreate the mammoth?
02:24Here is their idea.
02:25First, they must find well-preserved samples of rhino mammoths
02:29in places like Alaska, for example.
02:32Then, they will have to sequence the mammoth's genome
02:35and that of its closest relative, the Asian elephant.
02:38The next step is to identify the important genes
02:41that have allowed the rhino mammoth to adapt to extreme temperatures,
02:45such as its curly hair, its curved defenses,
02:48and its dome-shaped skull.
02:50In other words, they must identify the genes
02:53that allow the mammoth to be a mammoth.
02:56Here is now the interesting step.
02:58They will use cutting-edge genetic editing tools,
03:01a bit like scissors,
03:03to cut the Asian elephant's DNA
03:05and replace certain areas with the mammoth's genes.
03:09This will allow them to create a new cellular line
03:13and, later, an embryo.
03:15This embryo will develop inside an Asian elephant
03:18in good health, which will be the carrier mother.
03:21And this is how a whole new elephant adapted to the cold will be born.
03:25At least, that's what scientists hope.
03:28Specialists predict that this 2.0 mammoth
03:32will arrive on Earth in 2028.
03:35If it takes time,
03:36it's because the elephant's gestation period is about 22 months.
03:41But if this deadline seems too far away to you,
03:43a little surprise may be waiting for us much earlier.
03:46Indeed, some of the other animals they plan to bring back to life
03:50have a much shorter gestation period,
03:53like the thylacine,
03:54also known as the Tasmanian tiger.
03:58The company is doing everything it can
04:01to give this animal a chance to come back to life.
04:04And the good news is that the process seems to be going well.
04:08Recently, the group announced that the Tasmanian tiger's genome
04:12was 99% complete.
04:15This animal came from the Australian continent
04:17and the islands of Tasmania and New Guinea.
04:20A large part of the Tasmanian tiger population
04:23disappeared more than 3,000 years ago,
04:25but about 5,000 of them managed to survive
04:28until a recent date.
04:31It is thought that the last thylacine died in 1936.
04:37To bring the Tasmanian tiger back to life,
04:39scientists first need a sample of the old animal.
04:43So they took RNA molecules from a 110-year-old preserved head
04:47and kept it in ethanol.
04:51The team was very lucky,
04:53because it is rare to find such well-preserved ancient samples,
04:57and they were able to use advanced DNA analysis techniques.
05:01And by that, I mean that they did a complete analysis.
05:05By studying RNA samples from large tissue areas
05:09such as the tongue, nasal cavity, brain and eyes,
05:13the experts were able to learn a number of interesting things
05:16about the Tasmanian tiger.
05:19They were able to understand the functioning of its brain,
05:22as well as what this animal could feel, see and taste.
05:26In addition, these semi-nocturnal animals had a particular appetite
05:30for small rodents, lizards and birds.
05:33After finding the perfect sample,
05:35the reconstruction process will be about the same as for the mammoth.
05:39But the donor of DNA will not be an elephant, of course.
05:43In the case of the Tasmanian tiger,
05:45the closest living relative is a small marsupial
05:48called Dunarth at foot and three.
05:51Although small, this animal is a ferocious carnivore.
05:55The experts therefore think that the DNA editing process
05:58will work perfectly with its sequence.
06:01The goal is to transform a Dunarth cell at foot and three
06:04into a Thylacine cell.
06:07To do this, they must bring more than 300 genetic modifications
06:11to a single Dunarth cell.
06:13They therefore have no doubt that they are doing everything in their power
06:16so that the dream of bringing these animals back to life becomes a reality.
06:21This project also plans to bring back the emblematic dodo.
06:25You know, this funny bird native to Mauritius in the Indian Ocean.
06:31But here, things are getting complicated.
06:34Because we don't know much about this creature
06:36whose origins date back to about 23 million years ago.
06:40The only clues we have about the appearance of the dodos
06:43at the time they lived
06:45come from a handful of drawings, paintings
06:48and descriptions dating from the 17th century.
06:51But since these images are all very different from each other
06:55and that only a few of them were made from real living dodos,
06:59we are still not 100% sure what they really looked like.
07:04As for their behavior, we don't know much about it either.
07:08This is why it will be very interesting and very instructive
07:11to bring back this creature that has disappeared for so long.
07:15The sample used to extract an old genome of a dodo
07:18comes from a skull from the collection of the Museum of Natural History of Denmark.
07:22The closest relative of the living dodo,
07:24which will provide the high cells,
07:26is the pigeon of Nicobar,
07:28a bird with coloured feathers found in the Andaman Islands and Nicobar, in India.
07:34If all goes well, in a few years,
07:37we may be able to see the fabulous and legendary dodo with our own eyes.
07:43Bringing animals back to life may seem impossible,
07:46but science and technology can make a difference.
07:50Not only by protecting current species,
07:53but also by bringing animals back to life that have disappeared a long time ago.
07:58In fact, we have already made it.
08:02A wild goat known as the Bouquetin des Pyrénées
08:06went extinct in the year 2000.
08:08But three years later,
08:10scientists managed to bring it back to life
08:13using a method quite similar to the one we just talked about.
08:16It took 57 attempts,
08:18but one of them finally worked,
08:21and a clone of the Bouquetin des Pyrénées was born.
08:24Unfortunately, the animal only lived 10 minutes.
08:27You may think that the project has failed,
08:30but it was actually a big step forward in the field of animal rehabilitation.
08:34Now, specialists can only hope that the projects aimed at bringing back the dodo,
08:39mammoth and tiger from Tasmania, will go a little better.