Avez-vous entendu parler des dernières découvertes époustouflantes de 2023 ? Une étude a révélé que les pieuvres pourraient être plus intelligentes que ce que l'on pensait et qu'elles pourraient même faire des cauchemars – n'est-ce pas génial ? Les biologistes ont également découvert que les plantes stressées émettent des clics ultrasoniques, ce qui pourrait révolutionner l'arrosage automatique des cultures. Sur le front cosmique, de nouvelles recherches suggèrent que l'univers pourrait être plus vieux que nous le croyions, tandis que le télescope spatial James Webb a trouvé des galaxies qui se formaient beaucoup plus tôt que prévu. De plus, saviez-vous que les aye-ayes utilisent leur long doigt du milieu pour se curer le nez et que l’Europe préhistorique avait des tortues de la taille de rhinocéros ? Enfin, les scientifiques ont créé une IA pour détecter la vie extraterrestre et ont trouvé des preuves que les ondes gravitationnelles déforment l’espace et le temps ! Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00Here is Costello. It's a Brazilian reef octopus.
00:04But Costello is not an ordinary octopus.
00:07Observing him, scientists have discovered that he might have nightmares.
00:11When he slept, he changed color, made big movements,
00:15expelled water and even released ink.
00:18They decided to study Costello for a while.
00:21His behavior during his sleep looked like stress and fear.
00:25The study showed that he could have very intense, sometimes scary dreams.
00:30Although it is only one case, these cute underwater creatures
00:34are known for their intelligence and their behavior sometimes close to that of humans.
00:39And it is therefore quite possible that they have dreams like us.
00:43In the case of Costello, he may be haunted by his memories of his life off the Florida Keys.
00:48He has a charged past.
00:50He lost a tentacle because of a predator before his captivity.
00:54This is perhaps what he sees in his dreams.
00:57If this discovery turns out to be accurate, it could change our conception of intelligence and consciousness,
01:02both in animals and in humans.
01:05Plants can speak.
01:07Scientists have discovered that they emit ultrasonic clicks when they are stressed.
01:14Imagine tomatoes and completely crazy tobacco plants.
01:20The sounds are similar to those of bubble wrap that burst,
01:24but at a frequency far too high for our ears.
01:27These are called ultrasonic signals.
01:30This would be their way of manifesting their stress.
01:33This would mean that plants can communicate with each other
01:36and that stressed plants particularly like to complain.
01:40They emit between 30 and 50 of these noises per hour.
01:43Calm and healthy plants are much quieter.
01:48And not only do plants speak, but they have their own language.
01:52They emit different sounds depending on whether they are thirsty,
01:55whether a stem cuts the genes, and so on.
01:58In addition, some of these noises ring the alarm
02:01even before the plants show signs of dehydration.
02:05That is to say, they know that their situation is about to worsen.
02:09Scientists do not know exactly why they act this way.
02:13They think it could be cavitation,
02:16a term that refers to air bubbles dancing in the plant's pipe.
02:21The plants that sing these symphonies are corn, wheat, grapes, and even cacti.
02:28This is an important discovery for agriculture.
02:31It could, in particular, allow us to know when our crops are thirsty.
02:36So now we're going to listen to the plants and decipher their secret language.
02:41It's time for the universal information.
02:44Recent studies have shaken up what we thought we knew about the age of the universe.
02:49The results obtained over the last few decades
02:52have shown that the universe must have been around 13.7 billion years old.
02:57However, a new study shows that it could be almost twice as old,
03:00up to 26.7 billion years old.
03:03Keep in mind that this is not proven and that, for the moment,
03:07the official figure remains unchanged.
03:09To measure the age of the universe,
03:11scientists relied on the time since the Big Bang
03:14and on the study of ancient stars.
03:16But some stars seemed strangely older than the universe.
03:20For example, the star Methuselah,
03:22whose age is estimated at about 14 billion years,
03:26which would be older than the universe.
03:28And then the James Webb Space Telescope
03:30discovered galaxies that were already very mature,
03:33a few hundred million years after the Big Bang.
03:37All this poses serious problems for astronomers.
03:40This new hypothesis combines the theory of the expansion of the universe
03:44with that of tired light.
03:47The latter suggests that light loses energy
03:50as it travels the cosmic distances.
03:53This is combined with the theory of the expansion of the universe.
03:56And there you go.
03:57As the universe expands, light gets tired,
04:00which explains why we cannot see all the super-ancient stars
04:04and very far from us,
04:06so it is possible that we are wrong in our calculations
04:09about the age of the universe.
04:11This new model also refutes the moment
04:13when galaxies would have begun to form.
04:16It suggests that the first galaxies spotted by the Webb Space Telescope
04:20took much longer to form than we thought.
04:23This study shook the scientific community.
04:26If we have made such an important calculation error,
04:29we will have to review the fundamental principles of astrophysics.
04:33It would be a giant step and everything would have to be flattened.
04:37Or almost.
04:38That's why we have to be very careful.
04:41Scientists are testing this new theory.
04:44And we have to be patient.
04:46But there is not only news about space.
04:49The new technologies of the IAEA
04:51are already actively used for scientific research.
04:55The IAEA helps us to search for signs of extraterrestrial life.
05:00The researchers of the IAEA have created automatic learning algorithms
05:04that allow us to pass the cosmic noise to the creepers
05:07faster and more efficiently.
05:09When you point a radio telescope at the stars,
05:12it is as if you are connected to a celestial radio station
05:15filled with different signals.
05:17We capture everything,
05:18from pulsars to radio galaxies,
05:20through terrestrial interferences.
05:23Obviously, it is difficult to identify
05:25a possible extraterrestrial signal in all this mess.
05:28For more than 60 years,
05:30scientists have had to do all this manually.
05:33It was a hard task to scrutinize the sky
05:35and explore the stars and radio frequencies.
05:38But today, the IAEA has just helped us.
05:41These algorithms are trained to recognize
05:43and distinguish known interference models,
05:46such as those of mobile phones
05:48and electronic devices,
05:49in the middle of cosmic data.
05:51They locate everything that deviates from these models.
05:56And we have already made some breakthroughs.
05:59Astronomers have detected 8 signals
06:01that did not correspond to the known model.
06:04Even if it is not confirmed that it is extraterrestrial life,
06:07these signals show that there is great potential
06:10for future research.
06:12To get back to animals,
06:14let's now look at prehistoric Earth.
06:17Imagine turtles so massive
06:19that they would make their cousins today
06:21look like tiny toys.
06:23Recently, scientists came across
06:25the fossilized remains of one of these giants.
06:28It is a sea titan
06:29that swam through European waters
06:31about 75 million years ago.
06:34The discovery was accidental.
06:36A hiker from northern Spain
06:37came across fragments of this creature
06:39near the Pyrenees.
06:41This turtle was the size of a rhinoceros,
06:434 meters long.
06:45To give you an idea,
06:46it corresponds to an average car.
06:48This shows that extreme sizes
06:50were more common before the Great Extinction.
06:53The turtles we know today,
06:55smaller but nevertheless always imposing,
06:58dominated later on.
07:01But the oceans were once full of giant turtles
07:04that ate molluscs and jellyfish.
07:07This discovery also raises the question
07:09of the idea that giant turtles
07:11only lived in North America.
07:13The existence of this turtle
07:15proves that these colossal reptiles
07:17also frequented European waters.
07:20It may therefore be
07:22only the emerged part of the iceberg.
07:24Finally, NASA's James Webb Space Telescope
07:27made a great discovery.
07:29It detected a crucial carbonate compound
07:32in space.
07:33It is cation methyl.
07:35And this tiny molecule,
07:37even if it seems insignificant,
07:39could help us to uncover
07:41the secrets of interstellar organic chemistry.
07:44Carbon is incredibly important.
07:46Carbon molecules are the basis of everything,
07:49from stars to planets,
07:51including us.
07:52It is the key ingredient of life.
07:54And scientists are impatient to understand
07:57how it shaped our existence on Earth
08:00and if it could do the same elsewhere in the universe.
08:03Cation methyl plays a very important role
08:06in the creation of complex carbon-based molecules.
08:09This is why the discovery of cation methyl,
08:12even if it is very distant,
08:14is so important.
08:15NASA scientists found it
08:17in a young stellar system.
08:19This system is located
08:21about 1,350 light-years away from us,
08:24in the Orion Nebula.
08:26The star of this system,
08:28which is smaller and a little weaker than our Sun,
08:31is bombarded by an intense ultraviolet light
08:34coming from hot, young and massive stars
08:37located nearby.
08:39One might think that a UV radiation
08:41as intense as this would destroy complex organic molecules.
08:44But the team of researchers thinks
08:46that it could actually revive
08:48the formulation of these carbon compounds.
08:50Maybe powerful stars
08:52and their level of unintended radiation
08:54actually work as energy sources for life.
08:57They trigger a chain chemical reaction
09:00that results in complex carbon substances
09:02like plants and animals.
09:04It seems that we have found
09:06a new piece of the puzzle.