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00:00:00There is no practical obstacle whatever now to the creation of an efficient index to all
00:00:27human knowledge ideas and achievements through the creation that is of a complete planetary
00:00:36memory for all mankind he was one of the early inventors of science fiction
00:00:46the idea of time travel the possibility of invisibility
00:00:50of intergalactic struggles and then he came up with ideas of how we might reorganize the knowledge
00:01:03apparatus of the world which he called the world brain for wells the world brain had to contain
00:01:09all that was learned unknown and that was being learned unknown if you have access to anything
00:01:18that's been written not just theoretical access but like instant access next to your brain that
00:01:25changes your idea of who you are it can be reproduced exactly and fully in peru china iceland central africa
00:01:37or wherever else they were frank in their ambition and dazzling in their ability to execute it
00:01:46the google book scanning project is clearly the most ambitious squirrel brain scheme that has ever been invented
00:01:59this is no remote dream no fantasy it is a plain statement of a contemporary state of affairs
00:02:07the nightmare scenario in 20 years time would be google tracking everything we read google could basically
00:02:22hold the whole world hostage ever since wells science fiction is always about the possibility that people
00:02:31don't really matter in the future and the plot is always about some heroic person that either succeeds or
00:02:36doesn't succeed in proving that people really matter after all
00:02:55it's a library a public library where people go to look at books and read them and take them away
00:03:01that girl works at the library and she checks on books that are going out and books that are coming
00:03:08back in i love libraries i like the smell the smell of paper properly preserved it's as if it's a smell of a
00:03:17hay barn that's been cleared of all its animals and made into human intelligence and in a library you
00:03:23you really even if you're sitting in the tea room discussing your latest findings it's amazing how much
00:03:31social interaction with other people will actually help you to enrich what you're doing in this part of
00:03:36the library the grown-ups can read the stories to the children people sometimes say to me aren't libraries
00:03:42obsolete um it's it's absurd they are nerve centers centers of intellectual energy libraries stand for an ideal
00:03:52which is an educated public and to the degree that knowledge is power they also stand therefore for
00:03:58the idea that power should be disseminated and not centralized
00:04:12the first appeal of google's enterprise when we saw it was just digitizing millions and millions of books
00:04:37at harvard we have by far the greatest university library in the world it's enormous 17 million
00:04:45volumes and every library wants its holdings digitized for lots of reasons including preservation but
00:04:54beyond that the it raises the possibility of sharing your intellectual wealth i think of the harvard
00:05:01library as an international asset something that should be opened up and shared
00:05:07with the general population so here comes google they've got the energy they've got the technology
00:05:14they've got the money and they said we'll do it for you free google did such a fabulous job in creating
00:05:21a vision not only that a universal digital library could be created but that it could be done today
00:05:29the google engineers are like good engineers everywhere they just like to think about how do we
00:05:36surmount these challenges they sort of leave the lawsuit to the uh to the lawyers to worry about
00:05:48google's a company that believes in its fundamental mission of empowering everyone in this world with
00:05:56all the information they need enriched with the right information people can make better decisions for
00:06:02themselves their families their families and their communities this world is full of wonderful
00:06:09individuals which have varied needs from a farmer in africa to a mother in india to a business person in
00:06:16japan everyone needs information in this modern day and age and google believes in breaking all the barrier
00:06:24between every individual and the information they seek when you actually negotiate with google
00:06:32and do so on their turf you enter a strange world a google office doesn't have chairs like this chair
00:06:44the furniture consists of large inflated balls that are colored green or red or yellow and the young google
00:06:53engineers are sitting on these it's a kind of never neverland feeling
00:07:00about 10 years ago i got a visit from the vice president of google and she walked into my office
00:07:07and described a project that google had in mind which was to digitize all the books in the harvard library
00:07:15my first thought was to put it bluntly that maybe they were smoking something because i didn't think it was possible
00:07:23harvard had been digitizing books from time to time but there were very limited numbers and we didn't do many
00:07:30it was a very expensive and complicated project i don't remember exactly but it was several hundred dollars just for a single book
00:07:38but they had invented a copying station that was a lot cheaper and easier to use
00:07:49that didn't damage the books or at least went out of its way not to damage the books
00:07:54and it seemed to me that it had a lot of plausibility and so we decided to to give it a try
00:08:00every great library did digitizing sometimes on a large scale our open collections program digitized 2.3 million
00:08:09pages i mean that's big but nothing like as big as what google attempted to do the sheer ambition of digitizing everything
00:08:30in the ancient world at the library of alexandria they copied rolls and tablets and attempt to copy
00:08:38all that was known and eventually the library was destroyed by julius caesar and the loss of the
00:08:46library of alexandria was an was an international catastrophe the universal library is being talked
00:08:55about for millennia there's a kind of a continuity of development and you know we mustn't forget the
00:09:00important role that libraries and scholars have always made for for millennia of copying
00:09:07and then you see with the development of printing the multiplicity of texts the copying of original
00:09:13texts it was possible to think in the renaissance that you might be able to amass the whole of
00:09:19published knowledge in a single room or a single institution sous mes yeux j'ai un monument de de la
00:09:26pensée française la grande encyclopédie les deux maîtres de l'initiative outre les autres fameux
00:09:34philosophes ce sont diderot et d'alembert ils ont voulu ramasser toute la connaissance du moment
00:09:41et le donner à connaître au service de la liberté de pensée au service de la liberté de conscience
00:09:47je crois que l'encyclopédie nous parle de ce qui a été un moment de la conscience française au milieu
00:09:52du 18e siècle à la fin de la monarchie absolue en préparation de ce mouvement de la pensée qui a
00:09:59conduit à la révolution française then in the 19th century you have various suggestions in france and
00:10:09belgium that you can create a catalog of everything what will come next is microfilm and so you start
00:10:15finding huge microfilming projects and so for us the google project was a sort of a natural extension
00:10:22of that process of development project gutenberg michael hart was the first digital library he started
00:10:33in the fourth of july in early 1970s going and typing the declaration of independence so that everybody
00:10:38could have access to it thousands of volunteers worked from all over the world to go and build
00:10:44this he even had the idea that it ought to be possible to download the entire library that he had
00:10:49created if you wanted it and i think it did act as a kind of example of something that later on
00:10:56google and others took up in a much bigger more extensive way
00:11:01my name is raymond cozwell and i'm from queens new york when i was 12 i became fascinated with
00:11:12pattern recognition and as a young teenager i did a project to teach computers how to recognize patterns
00:11:19in music i built a computer and by feeding in certain relationships and music i was able to write
00:11:25music with it raymond how old are you i'm 17. do your parents know what you've been up to recognizing
00:11:31printed letters was a classical unsolved problem in the field of pattern recognition and so i created
00:11:37the first omnifont optical character recognition this was around 1975. 1978 we developed a commercial
00:11:45version and we talked about how you could ultimately scan all books and all printed material
00:11:52when automobiles came along first they seemed likely to become a rich man's monopoly they cost
00:11:59upward of a thousand pounds henry ford ought to do all that he put the more man on the road
00:12:07we want a henry ford today to modernize the distribution of knowledge make good knowledge cheap and easy in
00:12:15this still very ignorant ill-educated ill-served english-speaking world of ours which might be the
00:12:23greatest power on earth for the good of mankind we started the internet archive in 1996. the idea was to
00:12:42have all the published works of humankind available to everybody that this was the opportunity of our generation
00:12:50that like the previous generation had put a man on the moon
00:12:54the internet archive had been completely open with google in fact i'd gone and given a speech that
00:12:59was attended by i think all of the senior executives on how one could go about building
00:13:04a digital library of all books music video and i had hoped that there was going to be a way to
00:13:08work with them and but that was not to be libraries had signed secret agreements with google we we didn't
00:13:15know what was really going on when they started coming out as a completely separate project and
00:13:19not working with others and i started to become uh suspicious larry page who founded google with me
00:13:28first proposed that we digitize all books a decade ago when we were a fledgling startup
00:13:35five years later in 2004 google books was born despite a number of important digitization efforts
00:13:42to date none have been at a comparable scale simply because no one else has chosen to invest the
00:13:48requisite resources if google books is successful others will follow i don't think that google is aware of
00:13:56the fact that it's a corporation i think google google does think of itself as an ngo that just happens to
00:14:03make a lot of money and they think of themselves as social reformers who just happen to have their
00:14:10stock traded on stock exchanges and who just happen to have investors and shareholders but they do think
00:14:17of themselves as ultimately being in the business of making the world better
00:14:21there are few more irreparable property losses than vanished books nature politics and war have
00:14:36always been the mortal enemies of written works most recently hurricane katrina dealt a blow to the
00:14:43the libraries of the gulf coast at tulane university the main library sat in nine feet of water in the 1970s
00:14:53the khmer rouge regime in cambodia decimated cultural institutions throughout the country
00:14:58khmer rouge fighters took over the national library throwing the books into the street burning them while
00:15:05using the stacks as a pigsty now with google the university of michigan is involved in one of the
00:15:13most extensive preservation projects in world history google books is a potent idea on a number of dimensions
00:15:22what i like about google books is the idea of not losing books especially books that might be genuinely
00:15:32abandoned the idea of getting all that stuff online is of course going to be a benefit so that that we have to love
00:15:40i went to google in january 2003 i actually made what now i i feel quite embarrassed about um
00:16:09i made a presentation to them telling them what they ought to be doing only to find out a few months
00:16:15later that they've actually been doing it for a while already project ocean was the kind of code name
00:16:23development code name that google were giving to what eventually became google books so it was called
00:16:29project ocean because it was big i imagine
00:16:32google seemed to think that they could do almost a million in three years
00:16:48you could say that this mass digitization is something like running a huge machine through a library
00:17:10like running a huge machine through a library you take books by the shelf they're put in cartons on carts
00:17:20they're loaded onto trucks and then google at this time had three places in the country where it was doing digitization
00:17:30uh supposedly it didn't give the address of where they were google won't say how much scanning all the books cost but
00:17:38there are estimates that it's somewhere between thirty and a hundred dollars per book so if you
00:17:46multiply that times 20 million google early on bent over backwards to keep us from communicating
00:17:54with the other libraries there were three or four large ones and each of us was told we should not
00:18:01tell the others what kind of a contract we had and how we were working with google to begin with it had to
00:18:07be kept fairly quiet it was probably mid-2003 when i started to take the wraps off in terms of this is
00:18:17going to be a possibility that we might be working with google i witnessed the scale of the operation and it
00:18:25was very impressive 20 very large workstations with very high resolution cameras sitting on top of cradle
00:18:36with very intense lights and underneath a lot of black boxes which presumably contained all of
00:18:43google's algorithms that makes google search what it is and they uploaded that stuff straight to mountain
00:18:51view straight from oxford google certainly depends on knowing more and more and more for their algorithm
00:18:58to be better and better and better and this is the core of the way economics in this space now works
00:19:06they had a specific interest in having lots of things in google that would lead people to use google
00:19:15so they could make money by having advertisements there
00:19:18what are books they're full of data and so the more data you have the more you can fine-tune your search
00:19:28technologies
00:19:31some of the enthusiasts for google's way of gathering data and it's not just google at all i mean it's
00:19:39silicon valley in general it's the the current cultural moment it includes the other silicon valley
00:19:45companies but also the modern world of finance and also the modern world of spycraft for states and
00:19:50also the modern world of criminality and the modern world of insurance and health care all these things
00:19:57have this idea that you grab all this data in order to become very powerful you create a differential
00:20:02in your ability to see information versus the ordinary person and you create these new incredible castles
00:20:07of power but it's okay it's not just traditional power mongering because you're making the world more efficient
00:20:15it's okay i was a little boy in the 70s growing up in india watching re-runs of star trek on our
00:20:30family's black and white tv and from that those times the picture of a star trek computer was deeply
00:20:39ingrained in my head as a little boy i was just fascinated by the fact that you can walk up to
00:20:46a computer and ask it computer what's the atmosphere of that planet that was just the most fascinating
00:20:53thing to a little boy and from that day on it was my dream to build that star trek computer only later
00:21:02would i grow up and realize it's really hard because computers don't understand language and i went
00:21:08through this brief period of disbelief as a graduate student where i didn't think i would reach my
00:21:15dream in my lifetime but thanks to google and all the technologies that we have built here and what
00:21:21i see in the pipeline i'm closer to my dream than ever
00:21:39internet hace pocos años era un medio muy joven lo único que se podía encontrar en internet es aquello
00:21:46creado y producido especialmente para internet sin embargo todo lo que todo el acervo cultural todo
00:21:55el conocimiento todo el saber que el ser humano ha desarrollado a lo largo de la historia está en los
00:22:02libros ahora si los libros no estaban en internet las posibilidades de internet como un medio de acceso a
00:22:09información a conocimiento eran limitadas una vez el producto se comenzó a desarrollar nuestro objetivo era
00:22:18incorporar otro tipo de contenidos editados más allá del mundo anglosajón que estaban en las grandes
00:22:24bibliotecas a lo largo del mundo
00:22:26la biblioteca de montserrat té els seus inicis al segle 11 bàsicament quan ja venir van venir els primers monjos i van
00:22:50necessitar de seguida tenir doncs llibres per la pregària llibres per la lectura espiritual
00:22:57Aquest és un dels llibres que s'ha digitalitzat en el projecte de google l'exercitatori espiritual del
00:23:05pare garcía de cisneros abat d'aquest monestir en el segle 16 i va preparar uns exercicis en els quals doncs és tot un
00:23:14itinerari per entrar en la vida cristiana en profunditat a través d'internet i a la possibilitat de buscar
00:23:24contínuament una cosa darrere de l'altre sense un aprofundiment en cada una de les coses que un consulta en
00:23:31en aquest cas aquest llibre seria com una crida d'atenció per no passar doncs a un curs o un
00:23:39córrer d'una pàgina a una altra sense un aprofundiment personal espiritual doncs hem pogut digitalitzar en aquest
00:23:50projecte google uns 23.400 o cosa així de llibres ens va semblar que era una facilitat la difusió de la
00:24:00cultura per nosaltres és una satisfacció que això sigui accessible a tothom google no va pagar res per
00:24:08digitalitzar els llibres ho trobeu just vull dir que passi si algun dia algú fa negoci o es beneficia d'això
00:24:17em pregunto massa difícil potser o no potser sí és que no no tinc elements per per entrar en
00:24:37altre tema que el que comporta la digitalització i la facilitat de que aquests llibres siguin consultats de
00:24:47des de llunia stan google were and are free to do what they want with the scans
00:24:54that's and and why should that concern us
00:25:00i mean part of our ethos and part of our objective as a library is to make the information that's
00:25:07contained in our library available as free of charge as we can possibly make it to anybody who needs it
00:25:14and if google is going to do that on a larger scale that's fine if they are going to make
00:25:20money out of it down the line why not you know they've invested a lot of money in it
00:25:25um there's no such thing as a free lunch who wouldn't want to have all of the world's knowledge
00:25:35available to everyone on the planet the problem is that google as an intermediary in this process
00:25:42has certain interests and has a certain agenda that is not always transparent if you're in silicon valley
00:25:50you have another job which is you're building this new life form that's going to take over the
00:25:55world and google is providing the memories for its brain or the other companies are providing the
00:26:00memories and this is something that's openly talked about it's all human knowledge in books and out of
00:26:08books woven together into a single entity that's accessible by anybody anywhere in the world anytime
00:26:19and that all knowledge is transformative it just really kicks up the civilization in our society into
00:26:26another level shortly after the launch of google books in different events i ran into larry page and
00:26:34sergey brin and had this brief exchange with them about the potential and you know there was a
00:26:40characteristic google founder response which was a kind of glint in their eyes and a smile and the sense
00:26:46that this was just the beginning of something much bigger than you even you at this point can can imagine
00:26:56you at harvard we only permitted google to digitize books in the public domain but the other research
00:27:04libraries that google first went to permitted google to digitize books covered by copyright as soon as you
00:27:12get into the copyright area things get rapidly complicated
00:27:26we're allowing google to scan all of our books those in the public domain and those still in copyright
00:27:33how we believe it is legal ethical and a noble endeavor that will transform our society
00:27:40legal because we believe copyright law allows us fair use of the millions of books that are being digitized
00:27:58fair use is a piece of american copyright law that allows
00:28:01us to make copies without every asking any permission without paying any fee for certain carved out uses
00:28:09i happen to think google's various defense is strong one of the things that courts have done over the
00:28:15last decade or so is decided that search engines who routinely make copies of information are making
00:28:24fair uses when they do it in order to help people find information that they're looking for one of the
00:28:30things google has done is provide links to places where you can buy the book they scanned but they did not
00:28:36release the copy you could not search except for keywords you could not see a page except for snippets
00:28:44they were trying to allow indexing and searching without allowing people to get copies and we will
00:28:51protect all copyrighted materials your work in that archive let me repeat that i guarantee you we will
00:29:01protect all copyrighted materials i assure you we understand that providing public access to materials and
00:29:10copyright particularly those still in print would be unlawful one of the things that you need to
00:29:16understand about google is that they try to roll out projects first and then to think about the consequences
00:29:24later so you would often see them experiment with something that looks very cool it may be the google
00:29:31street view project google launched street view in 2007 part of the search engine's long-term goal to
00:29:37create a virtual 3d map of the whole planet right down to street level but investigations have revealed
00:29:44that google's street view cars were collecting more than just photographs for their data banks
00:29:48their antennas were also hoovering up personal information from unencrypted wi-fi networks including
00:29:55internet history and passwords i think the case of google collecting wi-fi information it reveals complete
00:30:04lack of respect for privacy within the corporation such projects often reveal that google does not fully
00:30:11understand the social consequences of its own work we actually do more search queries in china alone
00:30:30than any other search company does in any other single national market by which i really mean google in in
00:30:36the united states so we certainly do aspire to be a world brand i think hg wells was i mean he's well
00:30:41known for having been quite prescient about a lot of the things that he envisioned sure we don't have
00:30:45a time machine yet but pretty much the rest of it was dead on we have a product which is a very very
00:30:51popular product it's called baidu wenku the chinese name of it is the baidu library it allows people to
00:30:58upload materials that they have that are either of their own creation or that they have the the intellectual
00:31:07property rights to to our site
00:31:19uh we're going to show you that we're going to show you that we're going to show you that we're going to
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00:31:53There isn't an area of human knowledge that hasn't been filled out and made more rich
00:31:59and wondrous by the fact of the internet.
00:32:02I'm often just sort of shocked at people who see it as the beginnings of this sort of dystopian
00:32:07future.
00:32:08I embrace it unequivocally.
00:32:09The fundamental knowledge system, which accumulates, sorts, keeps in order, and renders available
00:32:18with everything that is known, centers on Barcelona with its 17 million active workers.
00:32:26It is the memory of mankind.
00:32:29So here you see the supercomputer, which is called Mare Nostrum, which are 10.000 CPUs,
00:32:49which are like 10.000 devices, all together, very well placed, with its memory, with its disk.
00:32:56It is changing our daily life, our way of working and interacting.
00:33:00You can look at the internet as something divine.
00:33:07We eventually will come, I think, to revere some of our technological creations like the
00:33:14internet to be almost like cathedrals of Redwoods, to be as complicated and as beautiful as natural
00:33:23creations and that in a real sense that there is more of God in a cell phone than there is
00:33:34in a tree frog because a cell phone is an additional layer of evolution over the natural frog.
00:33:42The big companies are accumulating our information, even though we are not aware of it, and that
00:33:53they are using it and can use it for their interests.
00:33:55The data is one of the topics that are now starting to become the cell phone.
00:34:00It's a problem.
00:34:01It's a new form of medieval church or something like that.
00:34:08Everybody is to give their data and service of worship of this new digital God and I think
00:34:14it's really, really dumb.
00:34:16It's a new form of medieval church or something like that.
00:34:21Everybody is to give their data and service of worship of this new digital God and I think
00:34:27it's really, really dumb.
00:34:29It's not unique to this era.
00:34:48You can look at previous technologies, whether it was radio, whether it was television, whether
00:34:53it was the telegraph, whether it was electricity.
00:34:56You do have many similar hopes that those technologies will bring universal communication.
00:35:05People will talk to one another.
00:35:07There will be peace everywhere.
00:35:09Education will spread globally.
00:35:11A lot of similar hopes have been expressed in connection to earlier technologies.
00:35:16So this is nothing new, but I think there is something about the scale at which projects
00:35:22and groups and various companies and organizations now are putting those cyber utopian beliefs to
00:35:29work that is different now than from what it was before.
00:35:34Science fiction never imagined Google.
00:35:38Google is a game changing tool on the order of the equally handy flint hand axe.
00:35:44But Google is not ours.
00:35:46We are its unpaid content providers in one way or another.
00:35:50We generate products for Google, our every search, a minuscule contribution.
00:35:55Google is made of us, a sort of coral reef of human minds and their products.
00:36:02We have yet to take Google's measure.
00:36:05The one and two are available to Google
00:36:09Google
00:36:12The Google logo
00:36:15I haveThe opportunity to meet嘛
00:36:17I've got the opportunity to meet denouns or twoTON representatives from Google.
00:36:21They came even to me.
00:36:22I found young people that are very clean about them.
00:36:27Officially, they had froze their jeans to put their masks on, because they thought that we're better in Europe or in Europe.
00:36:33and they had a kind of a mix of arrogance and an economic spirit brutal.
00:36:40Figurez-vous that they had so well understood our psychology that they gave me a little gift.
00:36:46It was, I remember, a kind of tea that allowed to have a hot tea when you were eating in train.
00:36:52I looked at these young people, I left the gift and all of a sudden I saw in their eyes that they were, in good commercial,
00:37:00and they realized that they were wrong with the nature of the commercial target that I was.
00:37:04It was quite strange the concept that they could have from the President of the National Bibliothèque de France.
00:37:09I do think that Google genuinely wants to make all of the world's information organized and available to people throughout the globe.
00:37:20I do think that they genuinely believe in that mission, but they also happen to believe that nothing will get lost
00:37:30and no one will get harmed if it's Google who will implement that mission.
00:37:35And I think it's normal. If they didn't trust themselves to do it, then they would be, you know,
00:37:41they would have some weird, schizophrenic problem.
00:37:44You know, they don't trust themselves to implement their own project.
00:37:48Well, the challenge posed by the Tony Truant of Google,
00:37:53his intention to make a universe book, and to make a universe book,
00:37:57and to make a universe book, in fact, this challenge was so clear that the answer was imposed very quickly, with a lot of clarity.
00:38:06And a few days later, in fact, I joined my team, bibliothécaires, technicians,
00:38:11at Bibliothèque Nationale, I told myself that I had to draw a counteroffensive.
00:38:16Yes, a counteroffensive.
00:38:18That's why I published this article in The Monde,
00:38:22under the title that I chose,
00:38:23When Google défie Europe,
00:38:26I kept the same title,
00:38:28for the book that I published.
00:38:31What we found when we hit Victor Hugo,
00:38:35when we hit Cervantes,
00:38:37or when we hit Goethe,
00:38:38what struck me was that,
00:38:41over 20 entrées,
00:38:42there were 19 who were in English.
00:38:45So, of course,
00:38:46that was corrected later, I know.
00:38:49But let's say that,
00:38:50that was put on alert.
00:38:52One of the concerns which came out,
00:38:55as you would expect from France,
00:38:57was that this was really part of a plot
00:39:00in the United States
00:39:02to make English the universal language,
00:39:04and as we know,
00:39:05the most important thing about France,
00:39:07aside from its wine,
00:39:09is its language.
00:39:10And there was a real sense that,
00:39:14who were we to be digitizing all those books in English?
00:39:19And I remember some correspondence about the fact that
00:39:22we at Harvard were not just digitizing English books,
00:39:27but were digitizing a very large number of books in French,
00:39:31to which, if I remember correctly,
00:39:33the response came back,
00:39:35who were you to digitize books in French?
00:39:37It's a battle.
00:39:38It's a battle.
00:39:39It's a battle.
00:39:40It's a battle.
00:39:41There's nothing deprecative in the expression of a battle.
00:39:44There are noble battles, noble battles.
00:39:46First, we learned that Google was scanning books.
00:40:00And I remember loving that idea,
00:40:02because I'm a reader,
00:40:03and I write non-fiction books,
00:40:05and I do research,
00:40:06and I wanted access to those books.
00:40:09Then, we heard that they were scanning our books.
00:40:13They were scanning copyrighted books,
00:40:14and they hadn't asked anyone's permission.
00:40:16The libraries had just handed them over.
00:40:18Well, that was obviously a violation of our copyrights,
00:40:23and a little bit of a surprise, to put it mildly.
00:40:27I remember being very curious about what they were doing,
00:40:30and I popped my name into Google
00:40:32and saw that it came up with snippets of my book.
00:40:37So, what I did was I searched for terms
00:40:40that I knew were common in the book, like star or galaxy.
00:40:44And there were lots and lots of hits,
00:40:46and it would display several snippets,
00:40:48and then I would search for other common words.
00:40:52And it was clear that if you were clever about your searches,
00:40:54you could see quite a bit of the text, if not all of it.
00:40:57The problem that most authors have is obscurity.
00:41:03That's the issue.
00:41:04There are a gazillion books.
00:41:06How do you get people to pay attention to yours?
00:41:09Google claimed that its use of these millions of copyrighted books
00:41:14that it had digitized was an example of fair use.
00:41:18Why? I'm not sure.
00:41:20I still don't understand how that can be justified.
00:41:23The point is that the entire book has been copied,
00:41:26and it's been copied by a single company that's doing it
00:41:30for purposes of profiting off the work.
00:41:33If you allow a profit-making company to copy a million books,
00:41:37then how can you say no to the next enterprise that also wants to copy the million books?
00:41:43So the Authors Guild organized a class action suit asking them to stop doing that.
00:41:49The Authors Guild on Tuesday filed a lawsuit against search engine Google,
00:41:54alleging that its scanning and digitizing of library books constitutes a massive copyright infringement.
00:42:00The Authors Guild represents more than 8,000 authors,
00:42:04and is the largest society of published writers in the United States.
00:42:07When Google made its decision to scan these millions of books,
00:42:12it certainly realized that depending upon how litigation developed,
00:42:17this could be a bet-the-company decision.
00:42:20Because copyright liability in the United States can be quite extreme,
00:42:25$150,000 per copyrighted work.
00:42:28And depending on the number of copyrighted works at stake, it could be in the billions of dollars.
00:42:35The Association of American Publishers has filed a lawsuit against Google,
00:42:39alleging the internet company's plan to scan and digitally distribute the text of
00:42:43major library collections would violate copyright protections.
00:42:47I think the issue of copyright is an archaic, unproductive view.
00:42:59When you create something, you're building on the work of other people, no matter who you are,
00:43:04whether you're J.K. Rowling or Shakespeare. You're basing your work on the work of others.
00:43:12You're basically taking their ideas. Artists does not own their ideas. No artist,
00:43:18any useful information exists because of the efforts of real people.
00:43:23And copyright is our way of remembering who those people are.
00:43:27And it's crucial to not lose that.
00:43:31And I think cyber culture is missing the point of copyright.
00:43:35You might say, well, who cares about authors?
00:43:36Let a few authors not make as much money as they would have.
00:43:39But it's a precedent. The whole internet will become
00:43:42a tool for the concentration of power, and that would be a disaster.
00:43:46The internet is the world's largest copy machine, and anything that touches it is being copied.
00:43:52And just to transmit something along the way, people are making copies of things.
00:43:59Copies are valueless. They have no worth at all.
00:44:03And so there's a focus on copies, because that's an industrial age artifact.
00:44:08In the year 2007,
00:44:25In 2007, a lot of books were digitized in the Google Book Search,
00:44:31without being asked.
00:44:34Then it turned out that only in the book,
00:44:37in which I publishes over 200 books,
00:44:40without any permission from Google,
00:44:43were scanned.
00:44:45It's a serious company,
00:44:48which makes in a mass illegal things,
00:44:52that it only because of the mass,
00:44:55that it was legal.
00:44:57In 2007, I wrote that I wrote that,
00:45:00that it was not only about the right problems,
00:45:03but also about the question,
00:45:05in which miserables books were scanned.
00:45:09That they always have the hands of some scanners
00:45:13to build up,
00:45:15that a third of the pages were broken.
00:45:18They could actually start with nothing.
00:45:21In Grude kann man sagen,
00:45:23sie bauen sozusagen ein filigranes,
00:45:26sie machen ein ganz filigranes Kunstwerk,
00:45:30bei dem es sozusagen auf jede Einzelheit drauf ankommt.
00:45:33Und das, was dann sozusagen in der Google Book Search dabei rauskommt,
00:45:36ist, wie wenn sie dieses Kunstwerk
00:45:38sozusagen durch einen Fleischwolf gedreht hätten.
00:45:41A book is really a plateau that a person reaches to say,
00:45:47this is my testament.
00:45:48This is what I can offer.
00:45:50A book is not just an extra long tweet.
00:45:52A book is something that's hard to do.
00:45:54It's hard to finish.
00:45:56It's hard to publish.
00:45:57It's a certain achievement of scale.
00:46:00It's a declaration of this is what my life has learned.
00:46:03This is what I can offer.
00:46:04And that is not something that can be dissected.
00:46:07And the little minced pieces simply can't mean the same thing.
00:46:15The lawsuits were commenced in the fall of 2005.
00:46:19And within six months,
00:46:22the Authors Guild and the publishers came to Google
00:46:26with a proposal about settling the lawsuit.
00:46:31I was sitting innocently in my office
00:46:33and a lawyer for the university appeared
00:46:36and he said,
00:46:37you are about to take a non-disclosure oath.
00:46:40Well, I never had anything to do with lawyers
00:46:43except once in my life when I made a will
00:46:46and I thought, oh, I'm in deep water now.
00:46:49What is this all about?
00:46:51Well, it turned out that there were secret negotiations
00:46:55between Google on the one hand
00:46:58and the Authors Guild
00:46:59and the Association of American Publishers on the other.
00:47:02They were suing Google for infringement of copyright.
00:47:06And as happens frequently with suits,
00:47:09they began to negotiate a settlement.
00:47:12Well, we were not part of that at Harvard.
00:47:15However, we had to be informed about it
00:47:17because we had the books.
00:47:19It took three years to work it out
00:47:21because there were a lot of issues to be discussed.
00:47:23There were publishers at the table as well as authors.
00:47:26And publishers and authors did not have identical interests.
00:47:29There were libraries not at the table
00:47:32but very much in the picture.
00:47:34They were talking to Google away from the room.
00:47:36And I'm not sure how much I can say.
00:47:39I definitely cannot talk specifically about the negotiations
00:47:43because I signed a non-disclosure agreement,
00:47:45which I'm told is still in force,
00:47:47and I don't want to go to jail.
00:47:49Google's long-running legal battle
00:47:51with the U.S. publishing industry
00:47:53came to an unexpected halt this morning
00:47:55as the parties announced a settlement
00:47:57that will see both sides cooperate
00:47:59on online access to copyrighted books.
00:48:03Google have agreed to pay $125 million in the settlement.
00:48:08$34.5 million of that sum
00:48:10will go towards the establishment
00:48:12of a rights-collecting body for digital books.
00:48:15$45 million has been set aside to compensate writers
00:48:19whose copyrighted books Google has already scanned.
00:48:23They will get around $60 per book.
00:48:26The largest portion of the settlement,
00:48:28$45.5 million, will go just on the legal fees.
00:48:32But the most striking aspect of the agreement
00:48:35is that it turns Google into a bookseller,
00:48:38selling online access to out-of-print
00:48:40but still in-copyright works.
00:48:42For those of you who don't know the details
00:48:45of the settlement agreement,
00:48:46it's 385 pages.
00:48:49It has 46 sections of definitions.
00:48:51It's got 15 sections on Google's obligations.
00:48:54It's got 9 sections on the economic terms.
00:48:57It's got 6 sections on libraries' obligations.
00:49:00So this is not a little 3 or 4 page
00:49:02memorandum of understanding
00:49:04that we're talking about here.
00:49:06This is a very heavily negotiated agreement.
00:49:09So how many people have not read the 334 pages?
00:49:12Okay.
00:49:13We proposed something
00:49:15that was a little bit outside the box.
00:49:17And that was,
00:49:18if money is being made,
00:49:21share the money with the rights holders.
00:49:23It couldn't be simpler.
00:49:25So I thought it would be pretty non-controversial.
00:49:28That apparently was naive of me.
00:49:31I personally became increasingly disenchanted
00:49:35with what originally looked like a great idea.
00:49:37They basically transformed the search service
00:49:40into a gigantic commercial enterprise.
00:49:44They really thought they would digitize
00:49:46every book in existence
00:49:48and make it available for a price everywhere.
00:49:51The settlement would allow Google to have essentially a license
00:50:04to commercialize all books that are out of print.
00:50:08There were certainly hundreds of thousands and probably millions of books
00:50:15for whom, even if they were in copyright,
00:50:19no author, no publisher, no rights holder would come forward.
00:50:23And those books are orphans.
00:50:26And Google would be able to commercialize those.
00:50:28And nobody else would.
00:50:30A monopoly was being created,
00:50:32a monopoly of access to knowledge.
00:50:36Did we want the greatest library that would ever exist
00:50:39to be in the hands of one giant corporation,
00:50:42which could really charge almost anything it wanted for access to it?
00:50:47It's not a library.
00:50:48It's a bookstore.
00:50:49And, you know, sell it as a bookstore if you want,
00:50:52but don't pretend that it's a library.
00:50:54When I talk to people in the publishing industry,
00:50:56they find it humorous because it's like,
00:50:58well, they're orphaned for a reason.
00:51:01And that, in fact,
00:51:02if we suddenly found this gold mine
00:51:05where the future of the book are the orphan books,
00:51:08then, boy, those publishers sure aren't very smart.
00:51:20Our principal concern here today in this discussion
00:51:23is that under the proposed settlement,
00:51:25Google would be the only entity
00:51:27that could treat copyright as an opt-out mechanism.
00:51:30Everyone else would have to treat it as opt-in.
00:51:32There are other problems with this proposed settlement.
00:51:34Listed below are various potential revenue streams for Google
00:51:45as identified within the settlement.
00:51:47Institutional subscriptions,
00:51:49consumer purchases,
00:51:51advertising uses,
00:51:52public access service,
00:51:54print-on-demand,
00:51:55custom publishing,
00:51:57PDF downloads,
00:51:58consumer subscription model,
00:52:00summaries,
00:52:01abstracts,
00:52:02compilations of books.
00:52:03That's what you're going to end up with,
00:52:06at a minimum.
00:52:07But what I'm saying to you, Mr. Drummond,
00:52:09does this, in fact,
00:52:10place Google at such a tremendous advantage
00:52:14in disregard of what has been historically copyright law?
00:52:18How do you respond to those concerns?
00:52:20As of today, we have zero market share in any sort of books.
00:52:23So we're a new entrance to the market.
00:52:26So far, far from being someone who's controlling the market,
00:52:29we're not even in it yet.
00:52:30We're trying to get in there.
00:52:31They thought that all we have to do is kind of announce this to the world
00:52:34and the world will go,
00:52:35God, what a great agreement.
00:52:37And for a while some people did,
00:52:40but then you started reading the agreement really carefully
00:52:43and there were lots of questions.
00:52:46The problem was there was nothing in the agreement
00:52:56that respected the privacy of the people who were looking at the books.
00:53:03Google was going to be keeping track of who exactly was reading that book,
00:53:09how long they were reading it, and what they read next.
00:53:13That information could get back to the government,
00:53:18could get back to the FBI, could get back to police,
00:53:21could get back to their employer.
00:53:24Because Google wasn't making any kind of guarantees
00:53:27about what they were going to do in respect of this privacy.
00:53:36If people find that the privacy policies of a particular technology
00:53:41are not to their liking, they should unplug it.
00:53:44They should retreat from the internet.
00:53:47They should cut off their phone lines
00:53:50and they should go up and hide in a mountain.
00:53:54They have that choice.
00:53:56Welles' conception for Wellbane was that it was intended
00:54:05to have a power of surveillance over mankind.
00:54:09Information gathered and organised in such a way
00:54:12that we had an eye that could actually survey everything that was going on.
00:54:19It would be able to register where everybody was,
00:54:23everywhere they went, potentially all the transactions that they were engaged in.
00:54:28And he seemed to think this is likely to be a good thing.
00:54:31It was a gradual process of getting to know the details of Google Book Search,
00:54:37and it was the cumulative effect of these details
00:54:41that made me feel this project was actually something
00:54:48that I myself could not recommend to the President and Fellows of Harvard
00:54:54as something that we should enthusiastically support.
00:54:58H.G. Wells' idea of the Wellbrain was a dictatorship of technologists and intellectuals.
00:55:12These are the geeks of their day.
00:55:14And gradually he saw their power would spread from laboratory to laboratory,
00:55:18from university to university.
00:55:19These people with the expertise began to coalesce
00:55:23into sort of almost like managerial groups
00:55:27that would mean that we don't need the politicians
00:55:31and the conflicts and the noise, the confusion, the babble.
00:55:37But for the world brain there was to be a further component,
00:55:41and this is the component that is what disturbs me.
00:55:44It's how that would be used to achieve the ultimate goals of civilization
00:55:51as it appears to have been evolving towards.
00:55:56The Snippets are only the surface.
00:56:00The question is,
00:56:01what does a company make with the data from me?
00:56:05It doesn't need any surface.
00:56:08If they send my text in their database,
00:56:11they don't have a web interface.
00:56:14That's already illegal.
00:56:16Because they make it to corporate purposes
00:56:19it's going to change how we interface with information.
00:56:25People are going to ask, how did it do that?
00:56:27How did it accomplish this task,
00:56:29which before we thought only humans could ever hope to do?
00:56:32David Hume held this view,
00:56:34that sense and experience are the sole foundation of knowledge.
00:56:38Watson.
00:56:40What is empiricism?
00:56:43After IBM's success with Deep Blue,
00:56:45they looked around for other kinds of games that they could take on.
00:56:50And they wanted something that was a very different kind of game than chess.
00:56:54And so they picked Jeopardy,
00:56:56which is basically a fancy trivia game.
00:56:58It's one of those games that you and I can play.
00:57:00It's a human standing there with the carbon and water
00:57:04versus the computer with all of its silicon and its main memory and its disk.
00:57:09After Germany invaded the Netherlands,
00:57:12this Queen, her family and cabinet fled to London.
00:57:15Maria.
00:57:16Who is Beatrix?
00:57:17No.
00:57:18Watson.
00:57:19Who is Wilhelmina?
00:57:20That is correct.
00:57:21This U.S. president negotiated the Treaty of Portsmouth,
00:57:24ending the Russo-Japanese War.
00:57:27Watson.
00:57:28Who is Theodore Roosevelt?
00:57:30Good.
00:57:31For $800.
00:57:32I did talk to Larry Page when Google first started
00:57:35because I was really perplexed about why would anybody make a new search engine
00:57:42when we had AltaVista, which was the current search engine.
00:57:47It seemed good enough.
00:57:48And he said, oh, it's not to make a search engine.
00:57:51It's to make an AI.
00:57:53Most of my discussions have been with Larry Page.
00:57:58We've talked in general about their quest to digitize all knowledge
00:58:04and then develop true AI.
00:58:07I mean, we can create intelligent systems if you have very large databases.
00:58:12And books are actually probably more valuable than all the other stuff on the internet
00:58:18because we have a high standard for what we put in books.
00:58:21The computer industry and its implications in terms of information technology
00:58:33is a multi-trillion dollar part of the economy.
00:58:36It will be, you know, the basis of everything we do in the future.
00:58:42What Watson showed was you can take a very large, very messy set of data
00:58:47and if you can use those inputs correctly, you can actually answer really sophisticated questions.
00:58:52And certainly the presence of large amounts of data on the internet
00:58:57is going to be as much an input for machines as it is for people.
00:59:01What we really will need to tap that is computer systems that can understand natural language.
00:59:07And natural language understanding is actually coming along very well.
00:59:11IBM's Watson is a very good example of the current state-of-the-art in computers understanding natural language.
00:59:18Because not only did Watson have to understand the convoluted language in the Jeopardy! query,
00:59:23which includes metaphors and similes and puns and riddles and jokes,
00:59:28but it got its knowledge to respond to the query from actually reading 200 million pages of natural language documents,
00:59:35including all of Wikipedia and several other encyclopedias.
00:59:39And when you see a computer play it better than we ever could,
00:59:43it's one of those moments where you realize, oh yes, the world really is different.
00:59:47An IBM supercomputer named Watson has won the first ever Jeopardy! quiz show competition,
00:59:56starring a computer as a player.
00:59:59The Google Book Project is, in a sense, trying to make that universal library,
01:00:04which could then be read by an AI or a Watson-like supercomputer.
01:00:10By 2045, we'll have expanded, according to my calculations,
01:00:14the intelligence and capability of the human-machine civilization a billion-fold.
01:00:20So that's such a profound transformation, such a singular transformation, that we call it the singularity.
01:00:26Now, this is not yet inside my body or brain.
01:00:31It may as well be. I'm very dependent on it.
01:00:33I think this is part of who I am.
01:00:35Ultimately, this kind of device will be the size of blood cells,
01:00:38and we'll go inside our body to keep us healthy, go inside our brains,
01:00:42put our brains directly on the Internet, give us direct access to the entire library of all books.
01:00:48AI is just a religion. It doesn't matter.
01:00:52What's really happening is real-world examples from real people who entered their answers,
01:00:58their trivia, their experiences into some online database.
01:01:02It's actually just a giant puppet theater repackaging inputs from real people who are forgotten.
01:01:08We're pretending they aren't there.
01:01:10This is something I really want people to see,
01:01:12that the insane structure of modern finance is exactly the same as the insane structure of modern culture on the Internet.
01:01:19They're precisely the same. It's an attempt to gather all the information into a high castle,
01:01:25optimize the world, and pretend that all the people information came from don't deserve anything.
01:01:31It's all the same mistake.
01:01:33Google search is going to be assisted intelligence and not artificial intelligence.
01:01:40In my mind, I think of search is this beautiful symphony between the user and the search engine.
01:01:48And we make music together.
01:01:50We have published since 1995 different types of books of Kafka.
01:02:02Möglichst genau.
01:02:04One of the main interests, which Kafka has followed by,
01:02:07is the tension of the individual's attention to institutions and apparatus,
01:02:14which try to link the individual's attention.
01:02:18Before the law, there stands a god.
01:02:24A man comes from the country, begging admittance to the law.
01:02:30In this famous Dish-typoolie mythology,
01:02:33he says there,
01:02:34the vendor,
01:02:35to the man from the world,
01:02:40the person at the end,
01:02:41that風,
01:02:42who knows as well,
01:02:44who knows us so well.
01:02:45He says,
01:02:47homem but is she smart.
01:02:49He is א� Woof!
01:02:51only the scrolling of this course tic ,
01:02:54he does it really cause.
01:02:57That's the question, whether that is actually the fact that he can actually use it,
01:03:01the fact that he can actually verify or falsify.
01:03:19It's actually just a small step from Kafka to the confrontation with the Google Book Search.
01:03:26This tale is told during the story called The Trial.
01:03:31I've been surprised at the level of controversy there,
01:03:34because digitizing the world's books and making them available,
01:03:38there's nobody else who has attempted it at our scale or who is really working on it.
01:03:45And I feel like we had a number of technical challenges which we've overcome.
01:03:50There was this legal dispute, which we have a settlement proposed,
01:03:55at least that we jointly agreed to with the authors and publishers and so forth.
01:03:59But anyway, it remains somewhat controversial.
01:04:02So yeah, I'm surprised at the amount of resistance that's had,
01:04:07but ultimately I'm optimistic that we're going to be successful.
01:04:12We're going to be successful.
01:04:13We're going to be successful.
01:04:14We're going to be successful.
01:04:16...
01:04:44It's important to understand that the Google Books settlement was negotiated by a small
01:04:51number of people claiming to represent authors and claiming to represent publishers.
01:04:57But not every author and not every publisher was in the room.
01:05:01So once the settlement's announced, there's a six-month period in which it's required
01:05:07to notify them about the terms of the settlement and give them a chance to opt out if they
01:05:12don't like the settlement or to give them a chance to object to the terms of the settlement.
01:05:18The Google Books settlement, as I have understood quite quickly, had an impact on the right situation
01:05:24in the Bundesrepublik Deutschland, and I found that it was completely unstatement.
01:05:29It was not even spoken about here, and we decided to make a public call, that was the Heidelberger
01:05:38appell.
01:05:39Und wir hatten innert sozusagen zwei, drei Wochen so gut wie alle wichtigen Autoren, also
01:05:45später ist Hertha Müller dann mit dem Nobelpreis geehrt worden, die trat da auf, es tat, Herr
01:05:52Grass hat dort unterschrieben und dadurch bekam das Ganze so was wie einen Schneeball-Effekt.
01:05:58Egal, ob dicker Wälzer oder dünnes Büchlein, immer öfter gibt's die Lieblingslektüre in
01:06:03voller Länge auch im Internet zu lesen.
01:06:06Bei Google zum Beispiel sind schon jetzt mehr als zehn Millionen Titel eingestellt und es
01:06:10sollen noch mehr werden.
01:06:12Das aber stört viele europäische Autoren gewaltig.
01:06:15Raubkopierparadies Internet, digitale Revolution, Revoluzzer-Mentalität, Zugriff für alle, gratis,
01:06:24immer und überall.
01:06:25Schon macht sich Google daran, unseren alten Traum von der Universalbibliothek zu verwirklichen.
01:06:30So schön es klingt, die totale Digitalisierung hätte womöglich große Verlierer.
01:06:35Das Ziel war, die deutsche Regierung dahin zu bringen, dass sie sich politisch auf irgendeine
01:06:40Art und Weise dazu verhält.
01:06:46Für die Bundesregierung ist klar, das Urheberrecht muss auch im Internet seinen Platz finden.
01:06:51Deshalb lehnen wir es ab, dass ohne jeden urheberrechtlichen Schutz, die Bücher einfach
01:06:57eingescannt werden, wie dies von Google gemacht wird.
01:07:00Die Bundesregierung wird hier viel Wert darauf legen, ihre urheberrechtlichen Positionen
01:07:05deutlich zu machen und damit den Autoren aus Deutschland auch einen Schutz zu gewähren.
01:07:10Das ist wie in der Brüste, wie die Feuer die Feuer eröffnet.
01:07:17Das ist wie in der Brüste, die Feuer eröffnet hat, die Feuer eröffnet hat.
01:07:20Und ich sage, dass ich, für das war, wurde bei dem Präsidenten der Republik.
01:07:27Der Präsidenten der Republik, ein oder zwei von seinen Mitarbeitern,
01:07:32haben die Idee, dass es ein wichtiges Herausforderungen war.
01:07:37Es ist keine Frage zu lassen, dass wir uns von unserem patrimonien
01:07:41auf den Vorteil von einem großen Operator,
01:07:44so sympathisch, so important, so amerikanisch, wie er.
01:07:48Der erste Mal, dass Google meine Buchstaben war, war im November 2009.
01:08:02In Wahrnehmung, mein Bewerber hat mich gefragt,
01:08:06und er hat gesagt, Sie wissen, dass Ihre Buchstaben ist durch Google.
01:08:09Die Suche Angelegen, Google, kam unter einem riesigen Feuer
01:08:12von den Chinesischen Autoren, wie eine digitale Bibliothek
01:08:15die Buchstaben von den Chinesischen Autoren, oder ohne permission.
01:08:17Die Buchstaben, die die Buchstaben von den Chinesischen Autoren,
01:08:20die die Buchstaben von den Chinesischen Autoren,
01:08:22und es gibt vielleicht 100, oder 100 Keyworden.
01:08:25Aber ich erinnere mich, dass die größte Keyworden von meinem Buchstaben ist
01:08:29BED, B-E-D, und Telefon.
01:08:32Das sind zwei Worte, die ich erinnere mich, und das macht mich lachen.
01:08:34Das ist nicht intellektuell, überhaupt nicht.
01:08:37Ich und meine Bewerber entschieden, zu Google.
01:08:40Meine Bewerber gefragt, 60,000, oder so.
01:08:43Meine Bewerberberin sagte,
01:08:45Ich möchte nicht, die Leute zu sagen, warum sie so nötig sind?
01:08:48Ich auf diesem Blog zu schliessen.
01:08:50Ich habe das Blog gesteckt, und es ging zu Sleep.
01:08:52Und ich wachte von den 400en Buchstaben aus,
01:08:53die ich in den Bloggenverkeitsmachinende,
01:08:57sagen, wie sie die Fraurawer beschädigt,
01:08:58blablabla...
01:09:00Folgendes, das Schöne sch تم,
01:09:11Google's office, which made even my best friend confused.
01:09:15They said, is the government sending you to Google?
01:09:41So what I've found is that the snippet is the book of the two or three of the two that read the book.
01:09:55It's the book of the U.S. in English, which is the book of the book of the book.
01:10:01It's a book of the book of the book, which is the book of the book of the book.
01:10:06In Japan, I was able to use Snippet's work in the process of using Snippet.
01:10:12But I'm sorry that Japanese-word is a piece of paper.
01:10:18So, Snippet's work in the process of search of Snippet doesn't need to read.
01:10:23So, Google's favorite Snippet service is a service that doesn't mean anything else.
01:10:36伊勢京都外国際 scientist
01:10:40手札の雷神プレボーイという雑誌は 表向きは若い女の子のムード写真とかいっぱい載っているような
01:10:50どちらかと言うとジャーナリズムとはあまり思われないような雑誌ではあるんですけれど
01:10:57日本のプレボーイ、アメリカのプレボーイもそうなのかもしれませんけど
01:11:01It's a very violent spirit, so...
01:11:11I think, it's better to do this, because I think I want to do it.
01:11:16It's a great idea that I thought it was a great idea.
01:11:22I could be able to support my own knowledge about it.
01:11:26I was like, I'm not going to do that.
01:11:32I'm not going to do that.
01:11:37I started the series.
01:11:56Before the court is the plaintiff's motion to approve the settlement as fair and reasonable.
01:12:15Numerous materials have been submitted.
01:12:18Did anyone count up the number of objections?
01:12:21We have in the range of 500.
01:12:25I flew.
01:12:26I flew to New York, and it was very exciting.
01:12:30There were 25 outside parties that made presentations to Judge Chin, and there were 500 objections for him to read.
01:12:42Judge basically said, I'm not going to rule from a bench, but people were hanging on every word.
01:12:48This is a fascinating turning point, actually, in the whole history of knowledge and of access to knowledge.
01:12:55And it was being played out in a New York courtroom before Judge Denis Chin in the Southern Federal District Court of New York.
01:13:03I confirmed that one of my books has been digitally scanned by Google without my permission.
01:13:19Because this act is a clear violation of the copyright law of Japan, I have asked the Metropolitan Police Department of Japan to criminally charge Google and its CEO for this violation.
01:13:33The court's decision was, to a considerable extent, going to determine the future of books, of digital books.
01:13:41The proposed settlement results in a de facto monopoly on information and an intensification of media concentration on Google.
01:13:51As a result, the right of free access to information, as well as the existing cultural diversity, in both Germany and Europe, will be usurped.
01:14:01Would it be basically in the hands of commercial speculators, whose responsibility was to their shareholders, or would it be organized for the public good?
01:14:13There was a risk of monopolization there that the Department of Justice saw.
01:14:19The proposed settlement would establish a marketplace in which only one competitor would have authority to use a vast array of works.
01:14:29The risk was that Google could basically hold the whole world hostage to the price of access to these books.
01:14:40And because no one else would have a license, no one else would have a corpus like the corpus they had, we'd have to pay whatever they wanted to charge.
01:14:52The core concerns seem to be that this would diminish the availability to read books in private.
01:14:57That is not true.
01:15:01This service would be available at public libraries.
01:15:04You can walk into your neighborhood library.
01:15:07You can sit down at a free access terminal.
01:15:10Anonymously.
01:15:11You can search for and read a book.
01:15:14And if you want to look at it at home, then what?
01:15:17Well, if you want to look at it at home, that may present an issue.
01:15:21Here's the rub.
01:15:24This is a tension between requirements for security that are insisted on in order not to have these works be sort of freely disseminated.
01:15:32In my view, the Google Book Search settlement is no different from the piracy cases in which the Internet and digital technology are abused.
01:15:45I strongly urge the court to reject the proposed settlement.
01:15:48I remember there being a Japanese writer there, and the language was very vivid.
01:15:55It was as though, you know, as copyright, copyright was going to be swept away and that copyright was going to be destroyed and the approval of the settlement was going to, you know, make the United States out of compliance with treaty obligations.
01:16:12There's a real risk that, should the court approve the settlement, members of the World Trade Organization will initiate settlement proceedings against the U.S. government.
01:16:25And if the U.S. government were to lose such proceedings, which is a very real possibility, our partners would be entitled to impose trade sanctions against the United States.
01:16:38You don't use words like that very often.
01:16:40And it wasn't kind of like, oh, gee, there are these issues and we're concerned about something.
01:16:44It was like, this violates a treaty.
01:16:47How can the judge do something that's going to violate a treaty?
01:16:50This is crazy.
01:16:52I am not going to rule today.
01:16:54There's just too much to digest.
01:16:56I will reserve decision.
01:16:58There's much to think about.
01:17:00Arise.
01:17:02And then Judge Chin thought about it.
01:17:05He thought about it.
01:17:06And he thought about it.
01:17:07He took a very long time.
01:17:28Every morning I got up and I thought,
01:17:30what is, is Judge Chin going to announce his decision today?
01:17:34And when he finally did, I myself felt thrilled because the court actually refused to sanction the settlement.
01:17:43Then Google Book Search could not take place, at least according to Google's original business plan.
01:17:50U.S. Circuit Judge Denny Chin said the creation of the Universal Library would benefit many, but would simply go too far.
01:17:57Chin said the settlement of a class-action lawsuit that the company reached with U.S. authors and publishers would grant Google significant rights to exploit entire books without permission of copyright owners.
01:18:08Chin also said the deal gives Google a significant advantage over competitors and it would be rewarding it for engaging in wholesale copying of copyrighted works without permission.
01:18:17I thought, yeah, that's exactly what I imagined.
01:18:20I thought, yeah, that's exactly what I imagined.
01:18:20I thought, yeah, that's exactly what I imagined.
01:18:21I was surprised or so.
01:18:23Of course, you're happy to see it, when it comes to that.
01:18:26But I can also say, that I made some kind of breadcrumbs or something like that.
01:18:32I don't know the judge Chin.
01:18:34I think you could read the decision by Judge Chen as a defeat.
01:19:03of the screen by the book.
01:19:05But this is a long war.
01:19:09This is one battle.
01:19:11And whatever triumph there might have been for books is going to be short-lived because the screen will ultimately triumph.
01:19:20They spent several months trying to negotiate a new settlement, couldn't reach a new settlement that was mutually acceptable, so they're going to have to go to trial.
01:19:39Baidu, China's search engine giant, has been blamed by Chinese writers for participating in copyright violation.
01:20:06This is because the website offers free online excerpts of stories and books without the author's prior approval.
01:20:13I think very late March or early April of 2011, we purged the site of about 2.8 million files that we believed might be copyright infringing within a period of 72 hours.
01:20:27I think a good number of them were books or chapters of books.
01:20:30We then implemented a rule where no one could upload anything of more than 1,000 Chinese characters without it being manually inspected for copyright infringement or automatically inspected for copyright infringement.
01:20:45The problem is that then people started uploading parts of books in 1,000-character increments so that they would avoid detection.
01:20:52So there are always people who want to abuse the system.
01:20:56The question is, has Google already been able to make its search engine better because of the Google Books corpus and the scanning of 20 million books?
01:21:14I think the answer to that is yes.
01:21:16The question of whether large internet companies are making our lives easier or gaining power over us, I think it presents the kind of false binary because they're doing both.
01:21:28I mean, if they were not making our lives easier and no one would be using their services, this is the tricky, complicated question that we'll have to face down the road.
01:21:37I mean, all of them are making our lives easier.
01:21:39I mean, they're making products cheaper, they're making our commute less bothersome and more exciting.
01:21:47Google will be supplying us with glasses that will augment reality and tell us about where our friends are in the city, they'll tell us the weather, they'll tell us everything.
01:21:57The question is, what would the trade-offs be?
01:21:59And no one has asked, what happens with all of the information that would pass through Google Glasses?
01:22:05I mean, surely it will be stored somewhere, surely Google will not be discarding it because they will need to know what it is that I've seen yesterday so that they can customize what I see today even better.
01:22:15But then the question is, would the National Security Agency be able to go to Google and ask for that data, ask for everything I've seen through my Google Glasses?
01:22:24And if that would be the case, then the question should be, do we actually want to have a society where citizens are bearing CCTV cameras on their heads?
01:22:33It's logical that many people think in Google, or in Internet, by not personalizing Google, as the great brother who will control everything,
01:22:43or following what Wells developed in his works of science fiction, several years ago.
01:22:52But the things are much simpler. Internet is no more than a medium.
01:22:56It's a tool that allows all citizens to access information, access to information, access to knowledge.
01:23:03To get to a better system where people are rewarded for their information contributions to the world, getting to that system from where we are, where we are,
01:23:10where people are expected to get by with less, that's going to be a hard transition.
01:23:17And they might involve government, but they might involve the big companies, and the reason why is that the big companies like Google and Amazon and all the rest are shooting themselves in the foot.
01:23:24with what we're doing, because what we're doing, because what we're doing is shrinking the economy.
01:23:29I mean, I don't know.
01:23:30to that system from where we are, where people are expected to get by with less.
01:23:36That's going to be a hard transition, and they might involve government, but they might
01:23:40involve the big companies, and the reason why is that the big companies like Google
01:23:44and Amazon and all the rest are shooting themselves in the foot with what we're doing, because
01:23:48what we're doing is shrinking the economy.
01:23:50I mean, I don't know.
01:23:53My concern is not so much with the direction in which Google or Facebook, for that
01:24:00matter, want to take the world.
01:24:01My concern is with the fact that it's Google and Facebook taking us in that direction.
01:24:05Da kann man nicht damit argumentieren, dass die Allgemeinheit beglückt wird.
01:24:17Wenn ich jetzt auf die Deutsche Bank gehe, das Geld raushole und auf der Straße verteile,
01:24:22ja, und sage, dann hole ich so und so viel Arbeitslose von der Straße runter, ja, und die ganzen Bettler,
01:24:28die gibt's dann gar nicht mehr.
01:24:30Es bleibt einfach ein Banküberfall.
01:24:32Verstehen Sie?
01:24:34Verstehen Sie?
01:24:35Verstehen Sie?
01:24:36Verstehen Sie?
01:24:41Verstehen Sie?
01:24:42Verstehen Sie?
01:24:43Verstehen Sie es, um, sehr angere.
01:24:43Verstehen Sie, um, wenn wir das erste Mal Ellioten haben, um, was wir für das
01:24:44Gemeinde ist.
01:24:45They will.
01:24:46Verstehen Sie sich umfassend, was wir für den
01:25:08had google not started to race ahead with its own version of digitization on this massive scale
01:25:20however you know google wonderful as it is is not familiar with the books for example
01:25:28walt whitman's famous book of poems leaves of grass was catalogued under gardening
01:25:33j'ai été très attentif à ce que ça n'apparaisse pas comme une sorte de réaction chauvine de réaction
01:25:42française vous savez le coq gaulois qui se dresse sur ses ergots parce qu'il est tellement triste
01:25:48qu'au 18e siècle louis xvi a abandonné l'amérique et ensuite napoléon la louisiane bien sûr en face
01:25:56certains ont prétendu pour ne pas répondre à mes arguments mais ça n'était pas ça j'ai souhaité
01:26:01que ce soit une action européenne que projetant une bibliothèque qui répondent à google je l'ai
01:26:09fait en proposant le nom europeana we're designing the digital public library of america so that it
01:26:16will be perfectly compatible with europeana and that means soon we will have a worldwide network
01:26:23a gigantic world library
01:26:28hg wells's view of science and technology was what sustained him and sustained his ideas
01:26:36throughout his whole life he had this sense that if only we could get the scientists and the
01:26:41technologists working in the right way we could transform the world and he he continued with that
01:26:50belief up until the absolute final disillusionment with the entire human world with a book which
01:26:56he calls so fittingly mind at the end of its tether he felt that the whole evolutionary process that he
01:27:03had been studying and that what he felt was leading us to something new and wonderful had failed
01:27:09and his last words were that there was no way out or round or through
01:27:20our world of self-delusion will perish amidst its evasions and fatuities
01:27:27it is like a convoy lost in darkness along an unknown rocky coast with quarreling pirates in the chartroom
01:27:36and savages clambering up the sides of the ship to plunder and do evil as the whim may take them
01:27:45that is the rough outline of the more and more jumbled movie on the screen before us
01:27:53there is no way out or round or through
01:28:07it is no way out or through the end of the storm with a plan for us and as you can see it
01:28:18i can see it well
01:28:20so
01:28:21so
01:28:21so
01:28:22it is
01:28:24so
01:28:29so