TikTok is a hugely popular and controversial social media app. But is the most downloaded app in the world working for the Chinese government? And how does it affect the fierce commercial rivalry between Beijing and Washington?
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00:00TikTok. Six letters comme un slogan, lisible et prononçable partout dans le monde.
00:21Six lettres comme l'incarnation d'un engouement irrésistible,
00:25comme le symbole d'une viralité presque despotique.
00:30Né en 2017, l'application chinoise de partage de vidéos s'est imposée comme l'un des réseaux sociaux les plus populaires de la planète,
00:42avec plus d'un milliard et demi d'utilisateurs.
00:46Porteur d'une véritable révolution technologique, devenu le plus formidable réservoir de données personnelles,
00:53il s'est invité au cœur de tous les enjeux économiques, sociétaux et politiques d'aujourd'hui.
01:00Comment fonctionne cette machine TikTok ?
01:04Pourquoi certains pays l'ont déjà bannie et d'autres s'interrogent ?
01:08Quelle peur et quel danger suscite-t-elle ?
01:11Qualifiée de bras armés de Pékin,
01:14comment s'est-elle imposée au cœur de la confrontation entre la Chine et les États-Unis ?
01:20Leurs guerres commerciales et géopolitiques risquent-elles de dégénérer un jour en un autre type de conflit ?
01:30Pour comprendre comment un simple réseau social, aussi populaire soit-il,
01:36façonne les lignes de fracture de notre modernité,
01:39structure les rapports de force contemporains et dessine un nouveau désordre mondial,
01:44il faut revenir en arrière et retourner là où tout a commencé.
02:14Sous-titrage Société Radio-Canada
02:44Cette histoire commence en 2012.
03:05C'est dans un appartement de cette modeste résidence de la capitale
03:09que le futur inventeur de TikTok crée une start-up spécialisée dans la création d'applications numériques,
03:17la société Bidens.
03:18L'homme s'appelle Chang Yiming.
03:25Il a 29 ans.
03:34Chang Yiming had been involved in a number of Chinese start-ups
03:37that had not been successful, ultimately, but did see quite some growth.
03:42And so, yeah, he was clearly a very intelligent, very capable individual.
03:46Chang Yiming is more of a geek, let's say, an engineer.
03:49Chang Yiming had actually worked in U.S. tech companies as well.
03:55He had worked within Microsoft in China.
03:58So he knew the global market.
04:00Chang Yiming had actually worked in U.S. tech companies as well.
04:02I would characterize him in two words, and that is a pragmatic optimist.
04:08It's about having optimism for uncertainty and embracing that uncertainty
04:15that it's what sets people apart.
04:17And he was very much influenced by a lot of the American luminaries back in the time.
04:29Quelques mois avant la création de Bidens, est sorti The Social Network,
04:35le film de David Fincher, qui raconte la création de Facebook.
04:41I need to do something substantial in order to get the attention of the clubs.
04:45Why?
04:45Because they're exclusives and fun, and they lead to a better life.
04:51L'irrésistible ascension de Mark Zuckerberg fascine Chang Yiming.
04:55Comme le jeune entrepreneur américain,
04:58il a l'ambition folle d'exercer une influence sur ses contemporains,
05:02d'inventer, lui aussi, un nouveau monde.
05:06The earlier days of his running by dance,
05:09you actually could see a lot of who he was as a person
05:12because he was posting a lot on social media
05:15and recounting his management and philosophy.
05:19La vision est ce qui unit le cœur des gens.
05:22La mission nous responsabilise.
05:23He really was trying to do one thing.
05:28It's how do I move faster and how do I become more efficient
05:32and how do I compete better.
05:37Investisseur dans la tech asiatique depuis 30 ans,
05:41Duncan Clark a participé directement à cette décennie 2010,
05:44durant laquelle la Chine a privilégié l'innovation,
05:49la créativité, associée à une certaine forme de liberté.
05:56Le PCC, le parti communiste chinois,
05:59ayant eu alors l'habileté de rester en coulisses.
06:02Traditional Chinese state-owned enterprises
06:08were not very good at innovation.
06:11The Chinese government allowed private entrepreneurs
06:13to help innovate new business models.
06:16Particularly around 2012-13,
06:18we really started to see a new wave of competitors coming.
06:23Baidu having the largest share for search
06:26and Alibaba the largest share for e-commerce.
06:29And Tencent started WeChat,
06:34which quickly became one of the most important
06:36super apps and information hubs in China.
06:43Baidu est l'équivalent de Google,
06:46Alibaba d'Amazon,
06:48Tencent de WhatsApp.
06:51Il forme avec Xiaomi,
06:53le fabricant de téléphones portables,
06:56ce qu'on appelle les BATX,
06:58la réplique des GAFAM américains.
07:02Ces géants du numérique se développent
07:03dans leur espace respectif,
07:06l'intérieur de la Chine pour les BATX
07:08et le reste du monde pour les GAFAM.
07:12Deux espaces totalement séparés
07:14par ce qu'on appelle la grande muraille numérique.
07:17L'environnement numérique chinois
07:20est partiellement coupé
07:22du reste de l'Internet mondial.
07:28Pas complètement coupé,
07:30c'est pas un intranet,
07:31c'est pas en circuit fermé.
07:34Mais c'est partiellement coupé,
07:35c'est-à-dire que les points d'accès,
07:36si vous voulez,
07:37au réseau Internet mondial
07:39sont extrêmement contrôlés par le pouvoir.
07:41Quand vous êtes en Chine
07:45et que vous connectez à l'Internet,
07:46il y a tout un tas de sites
07:47qui ne sont pas accessibles.
08:01Pékin interdit ainsi
08:02la présence des GAFAM
08:04pour éviter la propagation
08:05des idées libérales
08:07au sein de sa population.
08:08Mais cela ne l'empêche en rien
08:11d'apparaître comme un Eldorado
08:13pour la tech américaine.
08:16L'histoire du Internet US-China
08:17est en train d'entrer très vite.
08:20En 2012, j'ai réalisé un programme
08:22à Stanford University
08:22appelé China 2.0.
08:24Et nous avons parlé
08:25de l'ouverture de la Chine
08:26qui a augmenté dans l'Internet.
08:30Donc il y a eu une expectation
08:31de que la Chine
08:31soit déjà un endroit d'innovation.
08:34Nous avons commencé
08:34à apprendre des choses de la Chine.
08:36Ça a commencé à venir
08:37dans les zones
08:37comme les portes mobiles.
08:38Payments, gaming, etc.
08:40Donc le 2012
08:40se trouve comme
08:41une épreuve de l'or
08:42pour la technologie
08:43dans la Chine,
08:44pour les relations US-China.
08:45Les choses ont changé
08:46tellement,
08:47il semble être
08:47comme un autre univers.
08:53Chang Yiming
08:54entend profiter
08:55de cet âge d'or,
08:57lui qui lorgne
08:57du côté de la Silicon Valley
08:59avec tellement de convoitises.
09:02Il veut marquer
09:02la tech chinoise
09:03de son empreinte.
09:04Pour cela,
09:08il va lui falloir
09:09trouver la bonne idée.
09:10de son épreuve de l'or
09:14From the beginning of the day,
09:16it became an art form.
09:18What do you think?
09:19Compose.
09:26It's from China.
09:28It's from China.
09:30It's a big city.
09:32It's a big city.
09:34It's a big city.
09:36It's a big city.
09:38It's a big city.
09:40It's a big city.
09:42He saw that there were fewer people
09:54reading the physical newspaper.
09:56And newsstands,
09:58which were very prevalent in China
10:00during that time,
10:02started to dwindle in numbers.
10:04You see fewer and fewer newsstands.
10:06So there was obviously
10:08a shift in consumer habit
10:10in how you consume information
10:12and what you were consuming.
10:18La voilà, la bonne idée.
10:20Attaquer le marché de la presse en ligne.
10:22Pour s'imposer, Chang Yiming invente
10:24un algorithme de recommandation révolutionnaire
10:26qui connecte l'information à son lecteur.
10:30En août 2012,
10:32il lance l'application
10:34Tochao.
10:36En quatre mois, Tochao attire un million d'utilisateurs par jour.
10:50L'application devient la première plateforme
10:52de partage d'information de Chine,
10:54avec quelques 700 millions d'abonnés.
10:56Une réussite phénoménale.
10:58La réussite phénoménale.
11:00La première plateforme de partage d'information
11:02de Chine,
11:04avec quelques 700 millions d'abonnés.
11:06Une réussite phénoménale.
11:10La première plateforme de partage d'information
11:12de Chine,
11:14avec quelques 700 millions d'abonnés.
11:16Une réussite phénoménale.
11:18Zhang Yiming is now a major figure of the tech of his country.
11:34Zhang Yiming is now hiding in our城. They will start a special adventure with you.
11:42I hope so.
11:44He can destroy his ambition,
11:47the formulated when he discovered the social network a few years ago,
11:52developing Biden's outside China to invent a new world.
11:58It's not just a fad that right now you see a lot of Chinese companies going global,
12:07but Zhang Yiming from day one wanted to make Biden a global company.
12:14He wants to look at new trends.
12:16So he wants to look at new trends.
12:18So he wants to look at a bigger market,
12:20which is a short-term market.
12:22At the short-term market,
12:24he wants to look at new trends.
12:26He wants to look at new trends.
12:28He wants to look at new trends.
12:30He wants to look at new trends.
12:32He wants to look at new trends.
12:34In the beginning of 2017, Zhang Yiming is now launching a new video platform,
12:44TikTok,
12:46which is based on an incredible recommendation algorithm
12:50directly inspired by Tochao.
12:53When I'm on TikTok,
12:56every time I scroll a video or I watch it,
13:00I'll give an information point to the algorithm.
13:03I'll refine this model by giving an information,
13:06saying,
13:07that it interests me,
13:08that it doesn't interest me.
13:09But I really do it every second,
13:11two, three seconds,
13:12where on other apps,
13:14it will put several minutes
13:15to generate a new training point.
13:18The app is surveilling the users in a very intense way.
13:25It's creating demographic profiles of everyone who is using it.
13:30And with very pinpoint accuracy,
13:34understanding who the people who are using the app are,
13:39what their interests are,
13:41in order to then serve the most engaging content to those people.
13:46The success of ByteDance,
13:56whether it be TikTok in the United States and globally,
13:59or Tochao in China,
14:01comes back to the algorithm.
14:07Of course, there is a common algorithm that they have developed
14:10to draw people in,
14:11to serve up content that appeals to them,
14:15that is incredibly sticky or addictive.
14:18And so that algorithm,
14:19I think,
14:20we have to say,
14:21is the core to the success of the company.
14:27With such an algorithm,
14:29TikTok's fun videos share,
14:32scroll,
14:33like,
14:34at a great speed.
14:38Especially,
14:39other content,
14:40political,
14:41economic,
14:42or cultural,
14:43invest in the platform soon
14:45to take advantage of its virality.
14:48Stay online,
14:49don't get offline,
14:50and vote.
14:51We're going to have a big victory tonight.
14:52TikTok has,
14:53since the beginning as a silly dance video,
14:56as an entertainment platform,
14:58has evolved from that into,
15:01you know,
15:02people use it to access news,
15:04to access people's thoughts and opinions
15:07on current events.
15:08I mean,
15:09one of my favorite TikTok account is
15:11The Washington Post.
15:12In 2018,
15:13on compte dans le monde,
15:1454 millions de TikTokers.
15:15Ils sont plus d'un milliard et demi fin 2024.
15:19Jamais une application n'a rencontré autant de succès
15:20en aussi peu de temps.
15:21Pas même Facebook.
15:22I think a lot of Chinese tech veterans would agree that
15:25Jiang Yiming definitely saw a lot of things and trends
15:27before other people do.
15:29I probably wouldn't call a genius,
15:30but more of a visionary.
15:31La réussite exceptionnelle du créateur de TikTok n'est pas seulement l'histoire d'un
15:57succès industriel phénoménal.
16:00Elle dissimule une autre histoire.
16:02Une histoire politique.
16:04Celle de la recherche d'une hégémonie.
16:07L'histoire de l'ambition planétaire du régime communiste chinois.
16:1227 mai 2017.
16:26Le jeune Ko Jie, âgé seulement de 19 ans, est le meilleur joueur au monde du jeu de goût,
16:33jeu traditionnel chinois, le plus complexe qui puisse exister.
16:37L'emblème culturel du pays.
16:40La raison de sa présence, il vient défier AlphaGo, un logiciel d'intelligence artificielle.
16:55Mais rien ne se passe comme prévu.
16:58Ke Jie est un premier.
16:59Je suis un premier.
17:00Un deuxième.
17:01Un deuxième.
17:02Un deuxième.
17:03Puis un troisième.
17:04Puis un troisième.
17:05La victoire.
17:06La victoire.
17:07d'Alphago est écrasante.
17:08La victoire d'Alphago est écrasante.
17:10Sans appel.
17:11La victoire.
17:12d'Alphago est écrasante.
17:13Sans appel.
17:44La victoire.
17:45La victoire.
17:46La victoire.
17:47La victoire.
17:48La victoire.
17:49La victoire.
17:50La victoire.
17:51La victoire.
17:52I really want to fight myself in a better way.
18:01I want to fight myself.
18:03Alpha Go!
18:05After all, it was very shocked.
18:09I think this was a very historical moment.
18:12It made a lot of self-reporting and self-reporting.
18:17The Chinese government definitely saw such an AI,
18:20and it was very strong.
18:25This defeat is a humiliation for Pékin,
18:27which prohibit the television re-transmission.
18:30It must be said that Alpha Go!
18:32is the work of the American Google.
18:39For Xi Jinping, the number one Chinese,
18:42his regime must react.
18:45With the artificial intelligence, the IA,
18:49it's the technological, economic and so political
18:52that plays out.
18:54The Chinese government.
18:55The Chinese government.
18:56The Chinese government.
18:57The Chinese government.
18:58Information.
18:59The Chinese government.
19:00The Chinese people mob like Beijing.
19:01It makes a feel free for its chi-chi-chi-chi-chi-chi-chi-chi.
19:03He wants to provide a person
19:05number One customer!
19:10Of the Chinese professionals ,
19:11he needs to separate the data.
19:13He needs to compute that a powerful data.
19:16He can銃 the material number 2.
19:18It will become more smart.
19:21It will become more consistent with people.
19:23It will be more accurate to understand humans' goals.
19:28It will be better to satisfy users' needs.
19:32So, in terms of the數字 economy,
19:35the data is just like our previous materials,
19:40like coal, right?
19:44China has the largest application scene of digital economy,
19:48and then that's where the data usage is coming from.
19:53So, I think data is very important,
19:55is the transformation,
19:56and that's how the world goes around.
20:00You know, I mean, we had the capital flow,
20:02we had the talent flow,
20:05now we have the data flow.
20:08China will effectively implement
20:11the powerful internet strategy,
20:14the big data strategy,
20:16the global internet strategy,
20:20the power of the economy,
20:22and the global internet strategy.
20:27So, there is this desire to be the first power,
20:30both technological, scientific and economic power.
20:33They are very confident,
20:34very happy to surpass the United States,
20:36very confident of the decline of the Occident.
20:41For them, the election of Trump,
20:44like the Brexit,
20:45or the rise of the extreme-rights in Europe.
20:47You are going to take the second turn of the presidential election.
20:50These are very clear signs of the decline of the Occident,
20:53and a definitive decline,
20:55not temporary.
20:58This new ambition is also the way for Xi Jinping to ensure the communist regime
21:04its security.
21:06A global political concept,
21:08which is at the heart of its power strategy.
21:13It is a very large security for the Chinese,
21:15it is very large.
21:16It is the security,
21:18in the sense of which we can say,
21:19we can say,
21:19security extérieur and intérieur,
21:22but it is also the numeral security,
21:25for example,
21:25like propaganda,
21:27the control of society,
21:29but also the cultural security,
21:33for example.
21:34That is,
21:34the arrival of the Chinese
21:36of the Occident values,
21:37the liberal values,
21:38it is related to the national security.
21:43Xi Jinping is also pursuing an increasingly isolationist policy for China.
21:48Xi Jinping wants independence,
21:50he wants autonomous technology for China,
21:52and so I think his vision of tech
21:54is a much more utilitarian vision for the state
21:56and for the party
21:57to maintain and assert its control.
21:59And then there is an issue, of course,
22:04of propaganda,
22:05that it allows to show the Chinese population
22:08that the party is active,
22:09that it is effective,
22:11and so that it is legitimate.
22:12The issue is first of all there.
22:14The first concern of the party,
22:18it is always to stay at the power,
22:19to ensure the sovereignty of the regime.
22:25This new strategic orientation
22:27passes by the adoption of many laws
22:29on the ecosystem of the digital ecosystem.
22:31The information,
22:32the security security,
22:34the security national security.
22:38The objective is to submit the companies of the tech
22:42and orient their data to the service of the party.
22:45I will show you,
22:47finally,
22:48the government of the Chinese people,
22:50the government of the Chinese.
22:54Biden's,
22:55with its hundreds of millions of users
22:57of Tochao
22:58and its dozens of other applications,
23:00is a priority target of the power.
23:03The report starts from 2015.
23:08Chang Yiming is convoqued by the party
23:10to a forum of training,
23:12in which he must renounce
23:14to any form of independence.
23:16This training gave me a deeper understanding
23:19of my mission.
23:21We are definitely patriots
23:23and ready to accept the political conseils.
23:25Two years later,
23:27the authorities cannot refuse
23:29to install the cells of the Communist Party
23:31in the body of the Communist Party
23:32in the same way of Biden's.
23:36In fact,
23:37it is actually a mandate
23:39that every organization has to have in China.
23:43Every university,
23:44every class,
23:45every company
23:46or non-profit organizations
23:49have to have this sort of performative party
23:52or youth committee division.
23:58The government wanted to remind them
24:00who was the boss.
24:02You know, you exist
24:04thanks to us.
24:05You know, that we,
24:06you know, you use state infrastructure
24:08to run your technology companies.
24:09We control the infrastructure,
24:10you build the content
24:12and the applications,
24:13but we also can determine
24:15which are appropriate
24:17for the people.
24:19We have to deal with private companies.
24:21The capital is not linked
24:23to the same state party,
24:25nor to public companies
24:26for many of them.
24:28What does not mean
24:29that they are independent?
24:30Just because the notion
24:32of independent companies
24:33in China has no sense.
24:34And no company
24:37can refuse to send
24:39the data
24:40that they could have
24:41to the Chinese authorities.
24:42It's just unimaginable.
24:43The gap between the private sector
24:49and the state sector
24:50has really evaporated.
24:53Actually, in China,
24:54we don't talk of the private sector now,
24:55we talk of the non-state sector.
24:57So you have the state sector
24:58and the non-state sector.
25:00In fact,
25:02the Communist Party
25:03now knows the destiny
25:05of Biden's destiny.
25:06The 11th of July 2018,
25:08at 3 hours 48
25:09morning,
25:10Zhang Yiming
25:11has another choice
25:12that to announce
25:13on Tochao
25:14that he will close
25:14one of his applications
25:16for non-respect
25:17of social values.
25:18He will even be
25:19a true self-critic publicist.
25:22J'ai été rempli
25:25de remords
25:25et de culpabilité,
25:26incapable de dormir.
25:29Je suis responsable
25:30parce que je n'ai pas été
25:31à la hauteur des conseils
25:32et des attentes
25:33que les organes de contrôle
25:34ont toujours exigées.
25:52Il y a une corrélation
25:54entre la personnalisation
25:55du pouvoir de Xi Jinping
25:56et la reprise en main
25:57du secteur de la tech
25:58pour entrer dans un modèle
25:59beaucoup plus autoritaire,
26:00beaucoup plus directif,
26:01beaucoup plus coercitif,
26:02répressif,
26:03sous la direction de Xi Jinping.
26:05Dès lors,
26:06comment le régime
26:07utilise-t-il concrètement
26:08une entreprise
26:09comme Biden
26:10pour la direction
26:11de Xi Jinping ?
26:12Dès lors,
26:13comment le régime
26:14utilise-t-il concrètement
26:15une entreprise
26:16comme Biden
26:17pour la direction
26:18de Xi Jinping ?
26:20Quelles applications
26:22met-il au service
26:23de sa politique
26:24de répression ?
26:25Personne en Chine
26:26n'est autorisé
26:27à répondre à ces questions.
26:28Pour le savoir,
26:29il faut se rendre
26:30sur l'île voisine
26:31de Taïwan.
26:50Né en 1949
26:52en opposition
26:53à la création
26:54la même année
26:55de la République populaire
26:56de Chine,
26:57ce petit pays
26:58de 23 millions
26:59d'habitants
27:00d'origine chinoise
27:01vit sous la menace
27:02constante de Pékin.
27:10Xi Jinping
27:11s'est donné
27:12une mission historique,
27:13rattacher l'île
27:14à son régime,
27:15de gré
27:16ou de force.
27:17Il utilise aussi
27:20tous les réseaux sociaux
27:21disponibles
27:22pour désinformer,
27:23manipuler
27:24et mieux affaiblir l'île.
27:25Le MJIB,
27:26le FBI taïwanais,
27:27a mis en place
27:28un centre de recherche
27:29sur la guerre cognitive
27:30ou guerre informationnelle
27:31pour déjouer
27:32ces attaques numériques.
27:33Le MJIB,
27:34le FBI taïwanais,
27:35a mis en place
27:36un centre de recherche
27:37sur la guerre cognitive
27:38ou guerre informationnelle
27:39pour déjouer ces attaques numériques.
27:43Ou guerre informationnelle
27:44pour déjouer ces attaques numériques.
27:46Les attaques numériques
27:49Les attaques numériques
27:50les attaques numériques
27:51sont en place
27:52dans le plan,
27:53dans le cadre de la guerre
27:54dans le CLIB.
27:55Le MJIB,
27:56de l'esprit,
27:57le lancement numériques
27:58les attaques numériques
27:59ont un essai
28:00nèbl'anais,
28:01et ce sera
28:02It is to use the information to change your mind.
28:05This is the most important thing to change.
28:06I hope that your認識 will change, and that will change your mind.
28:12And this will not be an enemy.
28:14It will change your mind.
28:21To overcome this new form of war that impose Pékin,
28:24the MJIB can count on the expertise of Leo Shooting.
28:29Analyst at the Ministry of Defense of Taiwan,
28:32the young woman is an expert in the use of the Chinese social media
28:36by the regime of Pékin.
28:39In 2016,
28:40he launched a system of social media system.
28:44We can see that he has a bigger dream.
28:46That is,
28:47that he has been established in the collection of data.
28:54He, through the large numbers,
28:56has been able to analyze people's actions,
28:59and has been able to evaluate people's values.
29:01through these ratings systems,
29:03to allow people to support their policies.
29:10In this social credit system,
29:12Biden has a unique place.
29:14To do tchau,
29:16the company has a new regime
29:17another platform,
29:20even more popular.
29:21It is a Douyin,
29:23the Chinese version of TikTok,
29:26which only works in the country.
29:28The digital digital network has forced them.
29:30And Douyin,
29:32with its 750 million users,
29:36the digital digital users,
29:38is an instrument particularly redoubtable
29:40in the hands of the party.
29:41How many years have been in the country?
29:4340 million.
29:45a fiat community.
29:46Because the network platform,
29:47it can be used to through
29:50in some of the United States
29:51to control the names of the machine.
29:52And the user's users on the phone.
29:53They choose to choose
29:54whatever the likes or the doesn't.
29:55Those politicians don't want to support,
29:56and they push up.
29:57Those conclusions,
29:59they may be collected by the Trump campaign.
30:04The identity of both people,
30:06The second is to change people's thoughts and actions.
30:13The second is to change people's thoughts and actions.
30:18The social media network is constantly spreading the information from the middle of the internet.
30:23Who can support the social media network?
30:27The first is to download the social media network,
30:32which has to support the social media network.
30:37So we have to 你 example,
30:39We are looking at that social media network You can refuse everything to be used
30:43And you know,
30:44the one that pounds the risk is,
30:45flow quickly into the homepage and you know,
30:47it's the one that you're checking to read as dear.
30:49This whole is the directhel of wii
30:52The first thing is to to take pictures available to see the social media network is not возь turn down.
30:56The second thing is to take pictures of the social media network,
30:57which public healthλεurs should be used by that social media network network network,
31:00You said you're not a Chinese person, but you go to the United States and see who you are.
31:04Actually, there are four four times of the official email address on the抖音 list.
31:12This is actually my understanding of Napoleon's usual.
31:16Because we all think that the抖音 list and the TikToks are our usual users.
31:21If we don't have any questions, then we won't go on.
31:25I can't remember.
31:27I can't remember.
31:29Douyin's algorithm is heavily manipulated.
31:33And it is perhaps the most censored social media platform on the planet.
31:39ByteDance excels at censorship.
31:42And so Douyin is a conduit for Chinese Communist Party propaganda
31:50that goes directly to the Chinese people.
31:53The Australian researcher, Fergus Ryan, is one of the first to have surveyed on ByteDance.
32:03In the political repression of the Chinese Muslim minority, the Uighurs, established in the province of Xinjiang.
32:10What we found was that ByteDance was working hand in hand with public security bureaus in Xinjiang.
32:20ByteDance joined in 2018 the Beijing Academy of Artificial Intelligence.
32:28Objective of this structure,
32:30putting the universities and the most innovative tech companies in the service of the security device.
32:37It is here that the Chang Yiming company is approached by Lion Technologies, IFLITEC or MEGVI,
32:46companies that are specialized in facial recognition and vocal recognition, or the stocking of data.
32:53A lot of these companies, particularly the ones that are involved in surveillance and artificial intelligence,
33:02have been crucial in ensuring that there is a sort of securitization of the region in Xinjiang.
33:11And so the mass internment of the Uighur people that has happened there could only really have been achieved with the technological support of these major Chinese tech companies.
33:27Ces trois sociétés sont aujourd'hui interdites aux États-Unis.
33:31Si ByteDance n'apparaît pas sur cette liste, Fergus Ryan a documenté les liens qu'à l'entretien avec les autorités du Xinjiang.
33:41En 2018, la police numérique de la région utilise Douyin pour y construire un nouveau modèle de sécurité publique et de gouvernance sociale d'Internet.
33:56Et ByteDance décide de déployer ses activités dans la région Uighur de Otan, particulièrement visée par la répression.
34:04Le régime exige des autorités locales qu'elles utilisent Douchao et Douyin pour…
34:10Publier des contenus positifs avec des vidéos courtes et diffusées en direct, et promouvoir le tourisme à Otan et réduire la pauvreté.
34:18Appes comme Douchao et Douyin, grâce à la coopération avec la police locale et les bureaux de sécurité publique,
34:27créent propagande sur la région.
34:30C'est un effet domestique, où la population chinoise en Chine est sous l'impression que tout est bien dans cette région,
34:45et qu'il n'y a pas d'abuse de droits humains qui se passe.
34:49Avec Douyin et Douchao, la société ByteDance participe directement au système de surveillance et de répression
35:01mis en place par le Parti communiste sur sa propre population.
35:05Alors, qu'en est-il de TikTok ? L'autre création de ByteDance, disponible partout ailleurs, à l'extérieur de la Chine,
35:16et utilisée déjà par plus de 100 millions d'Américains, à peine deux ans après sa création.
35:28Aux États-Unis comme ailleurs, on ne se préoccupe pas du rôle de ByteDance à l'intérieur de la Chine.
35:33Les travaux des experts taïwanais et australiens passent largement inaperçus.
35:42En revanche, l'incroyable succès commercial de TikTok inquiète sérieusement.
35:51Notamment Facebook, qui voit d'un très mauvais œil l'arrivée de ce nouveau concurrent chinois, qui plus est,
35:57sur son marché des plateformes numériques.
36:00A década, presque toutes les grandes plateformes de Internet étaient américaines.
36:05Aujourd'hui, six des top 10 sont chineses.
36:09En mettant en cause la liberté d'expression de ses utilisateurs,
36:14protesters and activists, everywhere, due to strong encryption and privacy protections,
36:20on TikTok, the Chinese app growing quickly around the world, mentions of these same
36:24protests are censored, even here in the U.S. Is that the Internet that we want?
36:36En mettant en cause la liberté d'expression de ses utilisateurs, dans un pays qui a toujours
36:41placer ce droit comme une vertu cardinale, Mark Zuckerberg espère affaiblir TikTok.
36:50Au même moment, la presse multiplie les révélations.
36:57Le Washington Post, d'abord, affirme qu'il est presque impossible de trouver sur l'application
37:02des vidéos sur les mouvements pro-démocratiques de Hong Kong, opposés au régime de Pékin.
37:07Puis, c'est le Guardian, qui dévoile des éléments pour le moins surprenants concernant la politique
37:16de modération du réseau social chinois.
37:19On a eu notamment des documents qui ont fuité, qui décrivaient en fait les règles de modération
37:25interne de TikTok, qui expliquaient que certains contenus politiques, notamment si elles mentionnaient
37:30les manifestations de la place Tiananmen, ou si elles mettent en valeur des gens qui sont moches
37:36ou pauvres, c'était explicitement dit cela, alors c'est des contenus qui vont être modérés par TikTok.
37:42Sont aussi particulièrement surveillés les contenus relatifs à l'indépendance du Tibet,
37:50à la situation à Taïwan, au président Trump, Poutine, Kim Jong-in, ou encore à la communauté LGBT.
37:58Les modérateurs reçoivent des directives extrêmement claires en termes de sujets à bannir,
38:04ou en tout cas à invisibiliser. Il y a différents degrés, il y a les sujets ou les termes
38:10qu'il faut complètement éliminer de la plateforme, donc la censure est totale, et ceux qu'on peut tolérer,
38:15mais qu'il faut invisibiliser, donc les sujets que l'algorithme ne va pas pousser.
38:21Some of their content moderation, or I would put it censorship moderation guidelines,
38:32matched those regulations that had been put out by the Chinese party state, almost identically.
38:42So there was certainly at that point in time a very close connection between what the Chinese Communist Party wanted
38:54and TikTok, which was a Chinese app that was operating outside of China.
39:00En novembre 2019, un mois après le discours de Mark Zuckerberg, une jeune TikTokeuse américaine de 17 ans,
39:12une certaine Ferroza Aziz, va subir de plein fouet les foudres de la censure,
39:18à l'occasion d'un tuto maquillage loin d'être anodin.
39:22Hi guys, I'm going to teach you guys how to get long lashes.
39:25So the first thing you need to do is grab your lash curler, curl your lashes obviously,
39:29then you're going to put them down and use your phone that you're using right now
39:32to search up what's happening in China, how they're getting concentration camps,
39:36throwing innocent Muslims in there, separating their families from each other,
39:39kidnapping them, murdering them, raping them, forcing them to eat pork, forcing them to drink,
39:44forcing them to convert different religions if not, or else they're going to, of course, get murdered.
39:49People that go into these concentration camps, they'll come back alive.
39:52This is another Holocaust, yet no one is talking about it.
39:55Please, be aware.
39:57Please spread awareness.
39:59And, yeah.
40:00So you can grab your lash curler again.
40:02In describing the persecution caused by the Uyghur minority,
40:09the young girl is directly opposed to the Pékin line.
40:14TikTok automatically suspend their account.
40:17But the social network doesn't take the measure of its decision.
40:24More than one and a half million people have watched that clip.
40:31And Faroza Aziz, who posted this, says the Chinese owned TikTok temporarily shut down her account,
40:38raising concerns that the app is censoring content.
40:41She is 17-year-old, Faroza Aziz.
40:44And it's a video that gave Faroza Aziz the whole world.
40:48The 17-year-old posted a video highlighting China's treatment of the Uyghurs.
40:53Face au tollé, TikTok réagit, plaide l'erreur technique, présente ses excuses et remet la vidéo en ligne.
41:06Il affirme aussi que les règles de modération dénoncées par la presse anglo-saxonne
41:10ne sont plus effectives depuis des mois.
41:13Et il s'engage à cesser toute censure d'ordre politique.
41:16On peut désormais aborder le sort des Uyghurs sur la plateforme.
41:21That kind of blunt censorship stopped.
41:25As they've had the eyes of the world on them,
41:28and the scrutiny of lawmakers in various countries, in particular the United States,
41:33they've been careful not to have that kind of blunt censorship.
41:37Surtout, Chang Yiming comprend que s'il veut continuer à conquérir de nouvelles parts de marché,
41:46il doit faire de TikTok une société globalisée.
41:49Cela passe par un changement de gouvernance.
41:52L'application est désormais la propriété exclusive de la société TikTok LTD,
41:59immatriculée aux îles Caïman, donc indépendante de sa maison mère Bidens,
42:04à l'abri de toute influence du régime chinois.
42:07Pour preuve, des pointures de la Silicon Valley sont recrutées à des postes clés de TikTok.
42:16Blake Chandli, chargé des solutions globales, vient de Facebook.
42:21Vanessa Papas, manager général, vient de YouTube.
42:25I'm Vanessa Papas, and I'm the chief operating officer at TikTok.
42:29Où Eric Anderson, conseiller spécial, ancien de Microsoft.
42:34Enfin, le QG de TikTok quitte la Chine pour s'installer à Singapour et Los Angeles, en Californie.
42:43TikTok, it wants to be seen as a global company that really is, you know, wants to expand to all of these markets,
42:53and it has to prove its allegiance to U.S. norms and how they operate here.
42:59Legally, TikTok is a U.S. and Singapore HQ'd company, and it's not Chinese by its legal domicile.
43:15En s'exposant ainsi comme une entreprise mondiale, TikTok est partout, donc nulle part.
43:22Comme ses concurrents de la Silicon Valley.
43:25Les internautes du monde entier ne se demandent plus s'ils utilisent un réseau social chinois ou non.
43:31C'est cela l'essentiel.
43:34Et ça marche.
43:36Dès 2020, TikTok devient l'application la plus téléchargée de la planète devant Facebook et WhatsApp.
43:43Il y a en fait une convergence entre les intérêts de la plateforme, les intérêts des dirigeants de TikTok et les intérêts du parti.
43:54Plus la plateforme pénètre les sociétés étrangères, plus elle est omniprésente, plus elle gagne de l'argent.
44:00Et plus elle est omniprésente, plus elle est utile pour le PCC.
44:04La seule nécessité, disons, pour eux, c'est de continuer à maintenir cette illusion que TikTok est complètement indépendante du parti.
44:11Ce qui n'est pas le cas.
44:12Alors, comment va réagir Washington face à cette inébranlable marche en avant du réseau social chinois ?
44:23Se laissera-t-il convaincre par ce récit de l'indépendance de TikTok ?
44:27Surtout, comment préservera-t-il la sécurité des données des utilisateurs américains ?
44:34Données dont il a un besoin vital pour assurer sa sécurité et conserver son hégémonie technologique.
44:42...
44:52...
44:53Do you have TikTok on your phone ?
44:55No, I don't, no.
44:56Not a good use of my time.
44:59I do not have TikTok on my phone.
45:00We're a TikTok free household.
45:02I have TikTok the app on my phone.
45:05But do I regularly, like, swipe through my TikTok ?
45:10no well i mean it's it's something that i research so i have it on a burner phone
45:16there's a lot of very sensitive information on my on my devices and so i don't have tick tock on
45:29my phone je n'ai absolument pas tik tok sur mon téléphone je n'ai pas tik tok sur mon
45:33téléphone oui mais que à usage professionnel bien sûr