The latest discoveries suggest life beyond planet Earth. Scientists investigate whether Earth's life began elsewhere in the universe, and whether humans need to evolve to know for sure.
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LearningTranscript
00:00earth a planet defined by life the amazing thing about life here on earth is no matter where you
00:11look you'll find it but is earth unique the big question of our day is does life exist somewhere
00:19else beside the earth are we that special or is life everywhere the ingredients for life are
00:25spread throughout the universe but then we started looking into space and say wait a second that
00:31chemistry is everywhere is life inevitable I think that there have to be planets out there
00:41that are capable of hosting life what does life need to get started and once started can life
00:50spread it's possible that life started on Mars and was transferred to earth inside of a meteorite
01:00life has conquered our planet but can life conquer the universe
01:20the universe is a very big place there are trillions of galaxies each one home to millions
01:32of stars and an unimaginable number of planets so where is everybody one of the most basic
01:41philosophical questions is are we alone are we the only ones looking out and thinking what is all this
01:48is it all just for us or do we get to share it with anyone I mean that's about as fundamental a
01:56question as you get what are the odds of life existing somewhere else we just don't have a good insight to
02:07how probable life is anywhere in the universe life could possibly be forming everywhere we we don't quite
02:15know there's a lot about life that we don't understand all we know is that it happened at least once
02:23but beyond this one little planet we don't know whether or not it happened anywhere else
02:29the universe is an unfriendly place
02:36planets with lava oceans circle too close to their stars pulsars blaze with deadly gamma rays and x-rays
02:48black holes consume everything in their path temperatures plummet close to absolute zero
02:57it may seem impossible for life to survive in such hostile environments but here on earth life exists
03:10against the odds in some very strange places life is actually permeated every part of our planet there
03:19are places where you're like how did you even get there at first glance a beautiful lake might seem
03:27like a good place for life but California's Salton Sea is no paradise the toxic salt waters are killer
03:40surrounded by scorched desert and volcanic geothermal fields it's a deadly environment
03:50one of the last places on earth you'd expect to find life would be in boiling mud vents
03:59you can start to hear these vents because there's gas and there's water and mud slurry that's coming out
04:09right here so these are active mud volcanoes it's really hot it's like 164 degrees Fahrenheit
04:19but life is resilient finding a home even here inside volcanic vents in the California desert we're in the
04:28middle of a really hot desert and as the mud comes up it's coming up hot and it's kind of acid and yet there can
04:35be microbes in environments like this happily thriving away this is an environment that is
04:40actually conducive to life even though we think it might not be
04:44almost every inch of the earth's surface is teeming with microscopic life forms
04:50the thing about life on earth is that it exists in so many different environments
04:56under such harsh and extreme conditions it's like it hangs on no matter what you throw at it very dry
05:03high pressure very hot even in high radiation environments which would kill a human within seconds
05:10life even survives being bombed with asteroids and meteorites we have a wonderful indirect example of
05:23just how tenacious life is and that's the fact that it survived the late heavy bombardment
05:30the late heavy bombardment was a violent assault on young earth where life had just gotten a foothold
05:38experts think around 4 billion years ago asteroids comets and space debris rained down on the inner solar
05:45system this rocky barrage would have melted parts of the earth's crust and boiled away oceans
05:52it was a violent time called the hadian period the hadian named after hades named after the underworld
06:01after hell it was a brutally unpleasant place to be it was spewing its own in its out on the surface in this
06:09intense cycle of hot volcanism if life on earth overcame these hellish conditions then perhaps life
06:21can survive anywhere i think if it can happen on earth i think it can happen on other planets i think life
06:29finds a way and i think we need to go looking for it the question is what exactly are we looking for
06:40what is life you know that seems like a simple question but it's not that easy to answer
06:45life is incredibly hard to find right it's sort of like you know it when you see it but how do you
06:50write down the rules every time we think we have a grasp there's this new form that comes about and
06:56completely questions that entire definition there's a joke in astrobiology that if you ask 200 scientists
07:03for a definition of life you'll get 200 different answers life can be as intricate as us humans or as
07:11simple as single-celled organisms like bacteria but there are some things all life forms do in broad
07:21terms life consumes things it breathes it eats it excretes it grows it reproduces it's complex
07:32life has transformed the earth in all sorts of ways but life is still just an accident
07:41life as i see it it's just a chemical reaction but it's the most important and special chemical
07:49reaction in the universe if life is just a product of chemistry then what are the odds of it starting
07:57anywhere in the universe one thing we know about chemistry is that given the right conditions the
08:05same chemical reaction will reliably occur it's like a game of chance for life to win the conditions
08:13need to be just right but to figure out the odds we need to understand what those conditions are and
08:21how common they are so it comes down to a numbers game it's about statistics and probabilities and
08:27likelihood it's like having to roll a six for each condition for life but how many sixes would you need
08:37how many precise conditions does life require to get going you might have a hundred dice roll them all
08:45get all sixes only then do you get life you could need hundreds or hundreds of thousands of dice we just
08:53don't know we honestly have no clue how common or rare life is in the universe we don't know how life
09:02originated here on earth where we kind of understand the conditions there are a lot of different ways
09:07life could have started is life rare is life common we don't know where it lands putting odds on life
09:17existing is a waste of time until we understand it better and maybe our answers don't lie here on earth
09:27one way to crack this problem is to go looking for life elsewhere if we can find other examples of life
09:34we can immediately begin to put a quantitative answer to how probable it is for life to happen anywhere
09:40and the best place to look for life might be in our own backyard
09:49mars
09:52if life can start here then maybe life could conquer the universe
10:10for life to conquer the universe first it has to get going
10:19when we look at life on earth it's possible that it all has a common ancestor life started at one spot
10:25branched out and became all the different kinds of life that we see
10:30but how did it start the first question to answer is what is life made of top of the list are the most
10:39most basic building blocks chemical elements
10:44here's what i know about the universe the laws of physics appear to be the same
10:48everywhere the chemical composition the elements are the same everywhere
10:55and the cosmos creates these elements not from the big bang but from stars
10:59over the course of the star's life it creates elements and when a star dies these elements are
11:08blasted out into space in a supernova spreading the ingredients for life out into the cosmos
11:17we the earth our solar system all the ingredients that make us us were forged in nuclear fires
11:25so the death of stars leads to the birth of life
11:34those key ingredients include oxygen nitrogen sulfur and phosphorus but the element most central to life
11:41as we know it is carbon all life as we know it on earth is based on carbon carbon forms the structure
11:52the architecture of our living molecules
11:58carbon is an incredibly versatile building material
12:04it can bond with other elements to form long chain molecules each with different properties
12:11as an element it seems to be capable of producing a vast and complex chemistry
12:17and that complex chemistry is what we find in life we call this organic chemistry
12:31but getting from basic organic molecules to complex life forms is a big leap we don't
12:38really have the slightest idea to be honest about how life on earth got started
12:44a really big question is how you go from a mix of relatively simple organic molecules to a living system
12:55we know it all starts with basic elements created in massive quantities
13:01by the death of stars but how do you start connecting those lego bricks together
13:07to build that first cell the short answer is we don't know but we have some ideas of potential steps
13:17chains of organic molecules become more and more complex amino acids form proteins fatty acids form
13:25phospholipids which make cell membranes nucleic acids form dna the molecule that stores genetic information
13:35eventually a simple cell emerges all of the bits you need to plug together to build a cell from scratch
13:45seems to exist in outer space
13:48we found organic compounds everywhere they're all over the place planets comets gas clouds
13:56the very basic ingredients of life available elsewhere in our solar system so there could be life everywhere
14:11in 2018 nasa announces it's found organic molecules on another planet a planet we've always suspected of
14:21harboring alien life mars so whenever nasa has a press conference and they say they have some important
14:30results to report on about mars everyone goes nuts the internet goes mad maybe we've got photograph
14:38evidence of little green men in an ufo this time it's the martians they're gonna tell us they found the
14:44martian the world listens because everyone wants to know everyone asks the question have we found evidence of
14:50radio
14:53for six years the mars curiosity rover has been exploring a region called gale crater
15:00hunting for signs of ancient life
15:05a bit like fossil hunting on earth
15:08gale crater is not unlike places on earth that can preserve fossils
15:12so a really good example of this would be the petrified forest in arizona
15:16this looks like a piece of wood but in fact it is stone it is all stone but it
15:23used to be a tree this fossil lived 200 million years ago this patch of desert
15:30in Arizona once looked completely different this landscape looks very dry
15:37right now but 200 million years ago it was wet swampland with trees and flowing
15:43water like the petrified forest Mars has also changed over time Gale Crater was
15:52once a lake bed filled with fresh water and it was just so exciting because we
15:59knew then that we had landed right on top of an environment that once had tons of
16:05flowing water and could very well have preserved organic materials even though
16:09it looks very barren and desolate to our eyes in 2018 curiosity drills into this
16:17ancient Martian lake and discovers organic molecules
16:24finding organics on Mars is so exciting just because I mean wow that is the those
16:31are building blocks of life not just the elements but actual molecules there was a
16:35wave of excitement after the announcement of organics found on Mars and complex
16:40organics it's not totally indicative that life is there but it's a really good
16:45telltale sign that there may be possibly life forms on Mars the results aren't
16:53proof of Martians but the ancient lake bed is evidence that the red planet once had
16:59something else crucial for life liquid water it's one thing if you have all
17:09these ingredients lying around for life you could have you know carbon over here
17:12and hydrogen over here maybe methane or whatever you have to mix them together
17:16so you need something for them to be in a medium of some sort life needs a liquid to
17:23mix essential chemicals together we're used to thinking of earth as the only water
17:29world in our solar system but new evidence says otherwise
17:35as extraterrestrial visitors carrying liquid water from outer space reveal
17:53it's no coincidence our blue planet is a water world there are more than 366 million trillion
18:09gallons of water on earth it even makes up 60% of our bodies I think life on earth could be easily
18:18described as water chemistry that is the essential feature of life on earth some
18:25is locked up in ice caps or is vapor in the air but 96% of liquid water is in our oceans
18:33well earth is really special there's no other place like it that we found it's a pretty substantial
18:42planet with liquid water covering 70% of the surface all life on the earth requires bodies of
18:48water in order to survive no water no life water is what chemists call a solvent and it's the
18:57best solvent we know of it can dissolve more substances than any other liquid allowing molecules
19:05to mix and interact wherever water goes it transports valuable chemicals minerals and nutrients
19:13if there was no liquid things would just sit around separately you need this constant interaction
19:20and you need a different chemical mix and water does all of that
19:25and so a lot of our searches for life like planets or earth like planets outside our solar system are based
19:35based on this sort of primary assumption that we need liquid water
19:40we've long thought earth has liquid water because of its unique position in the solar system
19:48it's right in this zone that we call the habitable zone where the sunlight can support liquid water on the surface of the planet
19:58but we have now discovered that liquid water might exist in places we never expected
20:07in 1998 a meteorite crash lands in texas
20:14today scientists at arizona state university are still studying its secrets
20:24we had no idea that it would contain this really really spectacular finding
20:30it contains a mysterious purple mineral the exotic color comes from exposure to cosmic radiation
20:38but the compound itself is very ordinary
20:42it's actually sodium chloride which is essentially the same mineral as table salt
20:48but what's really cool is that it actually contains little globules of liquid water
20:54and that liquid water was trapped in these crystals four and a half billion years ago
20:59in 2018 scientists re-examined the crystals and discover the liquid water wasn't traveling alone
21:07we've now actually found organic compounds in association with this liquid water in these salt crystals
21:15and that's something that's really new and really spectacular
21:20we actually found amino acids the building blocks of all of our proteins even our dna
21:27and we found liquid water the very building blocks of life inside a meteorite
21:32so could life exist somewhere else in our solar system
21:39a NASA mission to Saturn turned up some shocking results
21:47the Cassini space probe flew beneath Saturn's moon Enceladus
21:52Enceladus no one cared about
21:55it was a tiny little snowball of a whirl
21:59but Enceladus surprised everyone
22:04geysers of liquid water dozens of them
22:10blast out of trenches along the moon's surface coming from a vast subsurface ocean
22:17oceans on earth are full of life
22:24could the same be true of Enceladus?
22:29I'm a big fan of Enceladus
22:31I think it's by far and away the best place to go to search for evidence of life
22:37in 2018 researchers analyzing the Cassini data discovered that the plumes of Enceladus contain complex organic molecules
22:49just simple molecules we find those like methane
22:52but the Cassini results are showing that there are these more complex larger organic molecules as well
22:59this is the first ever detection of complex organics on an extraterrestrial water world
23:06all of a sudden here's water jetting out carrying organic material
23:11all the ingredients needed for life it was like too good to be true
23:16but Enceladus isn't the only small world with a subsurface ocean
23:22other moons and dwarf planets have liquid water too
23:26we think the most important thing for life to form is the presence of liquid water
23:31and our solar system seems to be full of it
23:33the discovery of liquid water in the outer solar system
23:39changes the rules of how life might originate in the universe
23:46across the universe alien life could be hiding underneath the surface
23:55internal water oceans are far more common than surface water oceans
24:02so if there is a lot of life out there in the universe
24:07chances are it's in an internal ocean under miles of ice
24:11who knows what might be lurking inside icy exo worlds
24:17there may be jellyfish and octopuses all over the place
24:22and exo moons and exoplanets under ice that have civilizations that we just don't know about
24:29finding liquid water oceans could open up a world of possibilities
24:35if you're not excited about intelligent extraterrestrial octopus civilizations
24:41I don't know what to say
24:42the chances of finding life in our solar system just got a heck of a lot better
24:53building blocks in liquid water are common
24:56but you need more than just these two conditions for life to take hold
25:02life needs a spark
25:04life appears to need some form of energy to actually get the molecules interacting
25:08one thing that may have helped kickstart life on earth is ultraviolet radiation from the sun
25:13ultraviolet light is emitted by all stars
25:17there are billions of stars in our galaxy
25:20can life get started around any star
25:24or is our sun unique
25:27earth is a solar powered planet
25:42at the bottom of the food chain
25:45plants use photosynthesis to convert sunlight into chemical energy
25:50food for the rest of us
25:52I like eating both grass essentially wheat
25:57and I also fancy the odd hamburger from a cow that is eating that grass
26:01this whole ecosystem is powered by sunshine
26:06but recent studies have shed new light on how life developed under our sun
26:12specifically the role of ultraviolet light
26:16UV radiation is useful for breaking molecules up and triggering reactions
26:23maybe that played a role in the origin of life
26:25it breaks down simple organic molecules
26:28and then they can rebuild themselves into things that are more complex
26:31if you do that over and over again eventually you somehow get life
26:35scientists think life on earth started around 4 billion years ago
26:42a time when earth's atmosphere gave little protection
26:50UV radiation levels were a hundred times higher
26:56was UV essential for the development of life's code DNA
27:06we know that life on earth stores information in DNA
27:10and then uses that information to build proteins
27:14so we have the blueprints and the bricks
27:17the blueprints are the DNA and the bricks are the proteins
27:21but we think that the first life on earth
27:24we used a chemical which is much simpler
27:29this simpler chemical was RNA
27:33DNA's single-stranded forefather
27:37RNA is almost like a two-for-one offer
27:41it does both of the fundamental things you need for a cell
27:45in the same compound
27:48so it was simultaneously the bricks and the blueprint
27:53unlike other molecules
27:55RNA is more resistant to the high UV environment of early earth
28:00allowing it to flourish
28:02RNA eventually evolved into DNA
28:07and life started
28:09to have life on the planet
28:11one important consideration is a certain amount of light
28:14that's going to be needed
28:15and a certain type of light that's going to be needed
28:17so if all stars emit some UV radiation
28:25can life start around any star?
28:28when we think about looking for places that are conducive for life
28:32we want to find a planet that might have enough UV radiation
28:36so the star is bright enough or close enough that it's providing enough energy to the surface for life
28:42but we also don't want to have too much UV radiation
28:45it seems you need just the right amount of UV
28:49the most common stars in the galaxy are red dwarf stars
28:59if red dwarf stars can harbour life on planets around them
29:06there's an awful lot of real estate like that in our galaxy
29:11red dwarf stars could be good for life's chance of conquering the universe in a number of ways
29:18one, they represent over three quarters of all stars in the universe
29:24two, they live for over a thousand times longer than sun-like stars
29:28and three, they seem to have rocky planets around them much more often than sun-like stars do
29:34those are the pros, but red dwarf stars also have cons
29:39for instance, they might not be bright enough for life to begin
29:44some of the red dwarf stars that we know emit less ultraviolet light than the sun
29:50they don't give off much UV light at all
29:52maybe on a planet around them there isn't enough energy to get life started
29:56red dwarf stars are also much more temperamental
30:00they can go from being gentle and quiet to having violent outbursts
30:05stellar flares
30:09these types of stars have incredibly strong flares
30:13that means they're shooting off a bunch of energetic particles and radiation and light
30:19that's baking the surface of those planets
30:22if the star is just bombarding the surface with UV
30:26then it will destroy all of those things necessary for life
30:29it will actually destroy the life itself
30:32these stellar flares could strip away a planet's atmosphere sterilizing the surface
30:43more research is needed
30:48but for now, the odds of life thriving around dwarf stars are a toss-up
30:54so far, the only thing we know is that there is one kind of star that's definitely right for life
31:05our Sun
31:07we know of life in one place in the universe and that's here, that's Earth
31:12only 4% of stars in the universe are like our Sun
31:17so, if life can only get started around these rare medium-sized stars
31:24the chances are not looking good
31:30but life may have an ace up its sleeve
31:35what if life can start on just one planet and then spread
31:40what if life travels across the cosmos
31:43looking for planets to conquer
32:01Earth is our only example of life emerging anywhere in the universe
32:05but what if life on Earth didn't start on Earth at all?
32:11there's one idea that life on Earth actually didn't get going here
32:14but was delivered from space
32:16scientists call this theory panspermia
32:20the idea of panspermia essentially talks about the transferal of life throughout the cosmos
32:28we know asteroids and comets carry organic molecules
32:33but could they carry life itself?
32:36what if life starts on one planet?
32:39can it actually get itself to a nearby planet?
32:43is it possible that meteorites could actually transport living beings?
32:48for life to travel around the cosmos
32:52first, it needs to take flight
32:55an asteroid is on a collision course with an inhabited planet
32:59so what happens if there's a huge cataclysmic collision on a planet?
33:04material is blasted off into space
33:10the impact might kill life on the surface of that planet
33:14but it's possible some bacteria might escape
33:18hitching a ride on chunks of the planet's surface
33:22a meteorite being ejected from a planet after an asteroid impact
33:27I mean that's not going to be an easy ride
33:30but it turns out it's not as bad as you think
33:33some bacteria are very very hard to kill
33:36some we even don't know how to kill
33:38even the impact that actually threw that rock into space
33:41for bacteria? no problem
33:43if those chunks of rock expelled during asteroid collisions
33:46could actually hold on to viable organisms
33:50then it really could change the way in which we think about life spreading in the universe
33:57if the microbes can survive takeoff
34:01then they can start their journey to a new home
34:04the odds of life conquering the universe seem to be getting better
34:08the important question now is
34:10how long could that life, those bacteria, those microorganisms inside that rock
34:14survive the space environment?
34:18exposure to UV radiation could be fatal
34:22killing any life on the surface of an asteroid
34:25but experts think that microbial passengers could still survive
34:30by hiding underground
34:32it doesn't take much to shield a microorganism from UV
34:37just a little bit of rock and you have enough protection
34:39to just hold on throughout a journey to the next body to your next home
34:45eventually they could arrive at an uninhabited world
34:50that's ready and waiting for life
34:52but they're in for a bumpy landing
34:55would the rock burn up coming through a planet's atmosphere?
34:59it's in for a hot ride but only for a few seconds
35:02and only the outer layers of that rock will blow off
35:05and then it just falls and hits the ground
35:08not that fast, a couple hundred miles an hour
35:10if a human were in there that would be bad
35:14but for a bacterium, no big deal
35:16the panspermia theory says life could start on just one planet
35:21then spread to another planet
35:24and possibly another
35:26if we found alien life forms
35:29would they look familiar?
35:31one of the biggest questions about finding other life in the solar system
35:34is how similar will it be to us?
35:37if it's just like us it begs the question
35:40did we have a common genesis?
35:42did we originally come from another planet?
35:45one radical idea is that life on Earth came from Mars
35:51imagine Mars 3 and a half, 4 billion years ago
35:56it was more Earth-like then than Earth was at that point
35:58the Earth was still quite warm
36:01Mars actually had cooled off faster
36:03had a thick atmosphere, water
36:05life could have arisen there
36:07Mars has been hit repeatedly by meteors
36:11sending chunks of the planet flying off into space
36:15and some of those chunks have landed here on Earth
36:19so this is a really unusual meteorite
36:24it was found near the city of Los Angeles
36:27and we actually know that it actually came from the planet Mars
36:33and we know that because it has gases trapped inside it
36:36that have the exact same composition as the Martian atmosphere
36:40there's been a lot of transit between meteor strikes hitting Mars and on Earth
36:44there's a little bit of Mars on Earth, there's a little bit of Earth on Mars
36:46it's possible that life started on Mars and was transferred to Earth inside of a meteorite
36:56when you think about it, maybe we're the immigrants
37:00we are the Martians
37:02life on Earth started on Mars and got transferred here
37:04and got transferred here
37:09Panspermia could allow life to spread from planet to planet
37:14conquering our solar system
37:16but what about even greater distances?
37:19In 2017, the cigar-shaped space rock, Oumuamua, appeared in our solar system
37:26it came from interstellar space
37:29and experts think it could be carrying organic matter
37:31one of the fascinating things about Oumuamua is it has sort of a reddened surface
37:37now that could actually partially be from the presence of organic molecules
37:40could life survive interstellar or even intergalactic travel?
37:46whether or not this is an easy way to transfer life around in the universe
37:51is still an open question
37:53the possibility of transferring life from star system to star system seems a little bit remote
37:58the immense distances and dangers of interstellar travel would be hard to survive
38:04some experts think there is one way for life to conquer the universe
38:10but it won't be life as we know it
38:14the universe is unimaginably large
38:31many experts believe there is life out there
38:35we just have to go find it
38:37one of the things I love about being a human
38:40is the fact that I am born with this curiosity
38:43this curiosity drives us to explore
38:46explore Earth, explore our solar system and beyond
38:50into the galaxy, look for other life forms
38:52but with current technology
38:55it would take thousands of years just to reach the nearest star
38:59it's unlikely humans will ever leave our galaxy
39:02if life one day does spread from Earth into the cosmos
39:10it's probably not just going to be a bunch of meat bags like us
39:14but other forms of life that are more suited for interstellar and intergalactic travel
39:20our fragile bodies are not suited to the distances and dangers of interstellar travel
39:26machine life may be more robust for traveling between planets and between stars than biological life
39:36there are a lot of scientists who think that when we encounter aliens we won't be encountering them
39:43we'll be encountering their machines because we can build machines that can last a million years
39:48go from one star to the next
39:50it's much easier than transporting us fragile gloppy bags of meat
39:53and so if we go out into space we're more likely to find robots than we are biological life
40:00for humanity to discover alien life
40:04humanity itself may have to evolve
40:07from biological life
40:10to artificial life
40:12what's really ironic here is that while we're figuring out the origin of life on Earth
40:19we humans could be inventing a form of life on our own
40:24and that is what we call artificial intelligence
40:27the development of AI
40:30self-replicating machines even
40:32may very well be just the next key transition in our evolutionary history
40:37could a super intelligent self-replicating machine
40:43conquer the universe
40:45maybe this AI can fashion its own machines
40:52create factories to create resources to replicate itself
40:56create ships that will allow it to travel from one place in the universe to another
41:01but would AI represent a new form of life?
41:06I think the answer is yes
41:10I think it actually goes on from there
41:12I think artificial intelligence might be the next necessary stage in evolution
41:16we made the computers
41:18they are our children
41:20I think of life as a process that can retain its complexity
41:25and reproduce
41:27so bacteria are life
41:30humans are life
41:31and some future creation of advanced artificial intelligence that can do those things
41:37should also count as life
41:42Life could take many forms
41:44and in such a vast universe
41:47it could be
41:49that life
41:51is inevitable
41:53With all those stars and all those planets
41:55I think without a doubt
41:57there is a good chance that life has developed elsewhere in our universe
42:01must life happen in our universe?
42:06is it an inevitable consequence of processes in operation?
42:11maybe?
42:13maybe not
42:14until we find it
42:17until we find it
42:19we won't know for sure
42:22whether life
42:23can conquer
42:25the universe