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00:00Welcome to the planet Earth, a world of blue nitrogen skies, oceans of liquid water, and
00:15more kinds of living things than you can possibly imagine.
00:20You are the newest page in its four billion-year-old book of life.
00:26We're all very young here, new like you to the mysteries of the universe.
00:34We hope someday you will add to the little we know.
00:39I can see a future for you that is in many ways longer and brighter and more free than
00:45any human generation has ever experienced.
00:51But I also sense danger.
00:54That's nothing new here.
00:55It's always been that way.
00:58To be alive is to be in some measure of jeopardy.
01:02Life is dangerous.
01:05In every generation.
01:07In every time.
01:08Everywhere on Earth.
01:10Our species and our fellow Earthlings have gotten through the tough times when the prospects
01:16for life look bleak.
01:18Somehow, we managed to endure.
01:22And now, we want to protect you and your 360,000 brothers and sisters, also born on this day.
01:32I have so much to tell you about our world.
01:37Some of these stories are frightening.
01:40But don't be afraid.
01:42We'll find a way.
01:44We'll find a way.
01:44We'll find a way.
01:45We'll find a way.
01:45We'll find a way.
01:45We'll find a way.
01:46We'll find a way.
01:46We'll find a way.
01:47We'll find a way.
01:47We'll find a way.
01:48We'll find a way.
01:48We'll find a way.
01:49We'll find a way.
01:49We'll find a way.
01:49We'll find a way.
01:50We'll find a way.
01:50We'll find a way.
01:51We'll find a way.
01:51We'll find a way.
01:51We'll find a way.
01:52We'll find a way.
01:52We'll find a way.
01:53We'll find a way.
01:53We'll find a way.
01:54We'll find a way.
01:55We'll find a way.
01:56We'll find a way.
01:57We'll find a way.
01:58ORGAN PLAYS
02:28ORGAN PLAYS
02:58ORGAN PLAYS
03:26this time next year you'll have your first birthday that means you will have completed
03:36one whole trip around the sun which is what an earth year is to understand the vast timescale
03:43of the cosmos in our little world we've squished all of time into the scale of a single year
03:49and that's where we are now on the cosmic calendar every month is a little more than
03:56a billion years every day a little less than 40 million a single hour on this calendar is almost
04:05two million years earth was born in fire fires within its seething heart
04:15and create balls of rock and ice that exploded fiery impact
04:23one was almost as big as mars and when it struck earth it formed the moon
04:31but not to worry little one because those fireballs were part of the chaotic early solar system
04:43in the billions of years since the other world swept free the lanes of their orbits
04:49so our solar system is a relatively peaceful place now
04:54after its first half billion years earth was spinning faster than it does today
05:02the days were shorter merely six hours long
05:07the moon was 10 times closer and its gravitational grip on the young planet was much stronger
05:16the shores of the land were battered by the largest tidal waves the world has ever known
05:22a thousand times greater than they are today
05:25the infant earth was no place for us then
05:30the atmosphere was mostly carbon dioxide methane and ammonia a toxic environment for our kind of life
05:38we don't know what the climate was like back then but scientists reasoned that the thick hazy
05:45atmosphere trapped the heat of the earth and made it scorching hot another kind of life
05:51tiny creatures that could shrug off the methane and eat carbon dioxide and sunlight for breakfast
05:58found a way to make a living in the ocean
06:01and those scrappy little cyanobacteria as they're known remade the whole planet
06:09by gobbling up the carbon dioxide and giving off oxygen they turned the sky blue
06:16all that oxygen destroyed the methane shroud that enveloped our planet and it was cool
06:23not as cool as it is now but more like a really hot summer day year round
06:30and then something wonderful happened
06:33the atoms of oxygen that the tiny creatures in the ocean produced
06:38began to gather high above the world in the sky
06:41and a new kind of molecule was made ozone it created an invisible canopy against those rays of the sun that were lethal
06:52now for the first time life was free to leave the oceans for the land
06:59and before long life seized these new opportunities
07:05a wild variety of shapes and sizes evolved as adaptations to these new habitats
07:18and there were ears and noses and wings
07:23i'd like you to meet a fellow earthling a very distant relative of yours
07:37you've only been here a day but beetles have been here for 300 million years
07:45and the changes they've seen of this world
07:48our kind has only been here for a fraction of that amount of time
07:5511 o'clock on new year's eve of the cosmic year
07:59that's when our ancestors stood up for the first time
08:03we called them homo erectus for that reason
08:06they were no longer forced to stare at the mud beneath their feet
08:11now they could look up and see the stars
08:15and their hands were free to change the world
08:18they began to move around to explore
08:20daring to risk everything to get to unknown places
08:25they were brave
08:27and their blood runs in your veins
08:31some of them explored the vast continent of africa
08:36others ranged north
08:38taking a left turn into europe
08:41there was evidence that they would later evolve
08:45into the lost people we call neanderthals
08:48we have no idea what they called themselves
08:51but we named them after the place in germany
08:54where we first discovered their ancient remains
08:56another even more mysterious branch of our family
09:00took a right turn into asia
09:03and they evolved into people we call the denisovans
09:07but you and i and all our other human brothers and sisters
09:13were mainly descended from the people who stayed in africa
09:17for another million and a half years
09:19sure most of us have a little blood from the other branches of the family
09:24but we are mostly the children of africa
09:27to see how our kind spread out around the planet
09:30we have to go even closer to midnight
09:3311 55 or about 150 000 years ago
09:37until about 40 000 years ago
09:53our neanderthal relatives lived very much as we did
09:57they had bigger brains than we do
09:59and were brawnier
10:01but they did many of the things that we think of
10:04as being human
10:05most of us still carry some tiny portion of their genes
10:11inside us
10:12but there are no more living neanderthals today
10:16nor are there any of our other cousins
10:18the denisovans
10:20when this happens
10:22when a whole species vanishes
10:24we call it extinction
10:27it's the end of a road
10:30that began 4 billion years ago
10:33with the origin of life
10:35we don't know why they died out
10:40we do know that they never ranged beyond the ocean coastlines of their environment
10:46maybe our hominid cousins
10:48were just a bit more contented
10:51less anxious
10:52and more at peace than we are
10:54maybe it's a restlessness
10:56that prods us humans to choose the unknown
10:59some powerful force moved our ancestors
11:03to daring feats of courage
11:05they crossed great oceans
11:06with no idea of what lay on the other side
11:09carrying our people
11:11to every continent on earth
11:13and even to the moon
11:16by the last second of the cosmic year
11:19there was no place on earth
11:21that we had left untouched
11:23we became the first species to remake the planet
11:29since the once-celled cyanobacteria did billions of years ago
11:34to change the oceans
11:36the land
11:37and the atmosphere
11:38and these changes have led to a new mass extinction
11:43the scientific community has looked at the evidence
11:47and decided our age needs a new name
11:50the anthropocene
11:52anthropo from the greek word for human
11:56and seen
11:57the greek word for recent
11:59it reflects our global impact on the environment
12:02and the life it sustains
12:04there's disagreement about when it began
12:07and nobody knows how it will turn out
12:10happy new year little one
12:14welcome to the anthropocene
12:17i see a great future for you little one
12:27but a shadow hangs over it
12:30we're not exactly sure when the darkening began
12:33when did we become a force of nature
12:37altering the skies the seas and the land of the planet
12:42when did the age of the anthropocene begin
12:46some would say that it started in places like this one
12:49more than 10 000 years ago
12:53did our ancestors paint these images
12:56of mammoths and saber-toothed tigers and giant sloths
13:00to somehow keep their memory alive after
13:03slaughtering the last of them
13:05human-caused extinction is nothing new
13:10but we can't really blame our ancestors
13:12how could they know that this or that kill
13:15meant the end of an entire species
13:18i wonder
13:20maybe the anthropocene started with the first seed
13:24that was planted in the ground
13:26and the agricultural revolution that followed
13:28before that time
13:31the world had twice as many trees
13:33to convert the earth's carbon dioxide
13:35into oxygen
13:36with the invention of agriculture
13:38our ancestors stopped wandering
13:41to settle down
13:43into farms
13:44and cities
13:46this
13:51is
13:52Chateau Hoyoc
13:53it was one of the earliest cities
13:56this is how it looked
13:58about 9 000 years ago
14:00the great move indoors
14:02changed our relationship to nature
14:05those hearths
14:07those fires that warmed the small dwellings
14:09of our ancestors
14:10were they the beginning
14:12the smoke from those small fires
14:15did little to alter the atmosphere
14:17but over thousands of years
14:19our numbers grew exponentially
14:22until we were cranking out enough carbon dioxide
14:25into the atmosphere
14:26to warm the whole world
14:28did the anthropocene begin
14:31with the domestication of animals
14:34cattle
14:35convert wild grasses into methane
14:38another gas that changes the climate
14:40it happens inside them
14:42when they're digesting their meals
14:44but nobody would figure this out
14:46until the modern scientific era
14:47how could a few head of cattle do any harm
14:51let alone change earth so radically
14:54our ancestors wanted to feed their families
14:57and make sure that the little ones
14:59would not go hungry
15:00that they would live
15:03in China around 4 000 years ago
15:08a world-changing discovery was made
15:11there were rocks that you could burn for fuel
15:14to drive away the cold and the damp
15:17these rocks were actually the carbon remains
15:21of plants and trees
15:23that had died hundreds of millions of years before
15:26and lay buried in the earth
15:29was the discovery of coal
15:30the beginning of the anthropocene
15:33coal became increasingly important
15:35to power forges and foundries and homes
15:40or did the anthropocene really get going
15:43about a thousand years later
15:45when people all over asia began to grow rice
15:49this ingenious technique which involves
15:52transplanting seedlings into flooded paddies
15:55is called puddling
15:57there was no way for these hard-working farmers to know
16:00that this particular method of growing rice
16:03like the cattle
16:04would someday produce tens of millions of tons of methane per year
16:10the flooded soil loses oxygen
16:12and then tiny invisible creatures microbes digest the plant matter
16:17and produce methane
16:19the leaves of the rice plants release more methane into the atmosphere
16:23these early farmers had no way of seeing what was happening
16:29on the scale of the very small
16:31again they were just trying to feed themselves and each other
16:41there's all kinds of writing
16:44this is how time writes
16:46if you know how to read time's alphabet
16:49you can reconstruct events in the great story of the planet
16:53the most dramatic passage in this saga
16:56is not written in the brightest colors
16:58but in pale white
17:01this pale white line
17:03is kind of an epic poem
17:05it tells the saga of the death of titans
17:09all over the planet
17:10this layer of an otherwise rare metal called iridium
17:14signifies the end of the cretaceous chapter
17:17some 66 million years ago
17:20this is when dinosaurs
17:22and three quarters of all the plants and animals
17:25became extinct
17:27there's a custom among geologists
17:29if you find a layer in the earth
17:31that indicates the boundary
17:33of the first or last time that the fossils of any species can be found
17:37you mark it
17:38with a golden spike
17:40you drive it into the rock with a hammer
17:42if we are living in the anthropocene
17:46the age of human-caused extinction
17:49what wall do we drive our golden spike into
17:57it's in me
17:59little one
18:01when i was brand new just like you only a day old
18:05there were two great superpowers fighting over the planet
18:08they were both willing to destroy everything
18:13to assert their dominance
18:16on the very day i was born
18:18both nations exploded nuclear weapons in the atmosphere
18:23just to show how strong they were
18:26and there was only a few of the thousands that were detonated
18:29over a period of decades
18:32the bombs gave off strontium 90
18:34an atom made unstable by its excess nuclear energy
18:39it's called a radioactive isotope
18:42it polluted mother's milk all over the planet
18:46mothers nursing babies like you
18:48refused to live with this horror
18:51they joined together to protest until a treaty was signed in 1963
18:56i and my whole generation
19:00carry an excess of another radioactive isotope
19:03in the tissues of our bodies
19:06called carbon 14
19:09so if i ever lose my mind or forget how old i am
19:13the echoes of those nuclear explosions on the day of my birth
19:16would tell you my age
19:20does this golden spike inside me
19:23signify the beginning of the anthropocene
19:27is that when it began
19:30the atmospheric testing ended but we just kept on trashing our home
19:35all the while knowing that the day would come when it would all fall down
19:41what good is it to know of a danger if you don't do anything about it
19:46maybe it's better not to know
19:49knowing can be a curse
19:56the stories that live the longest are those that never were and always will be
20:10myths
20:11a power the ancient god of light was always on the prowl for attractive humans
20:19one day while strolling the bustling streets of troy a rival city of the ancient greeks he spied
20:25cassandra the smartest and most beautiful of the daughters of king prion
20:31apollo fell madly in love with her
20:34apollo usually got his way and he was shocked when cassandra rejected him
20:45how could he win her heart she lacked for nothing
20:49and she was happy but apollo was not so easily dissuaded
20:56and so he made her an irresistible offer
21:00he would grant her the gift of prophecy
21:02of prophecy the ability to see the future
21:07cassandra was thrilled knowing what would happen before anyone else would make her all powerful
21:15but then apollo explained to her what he expected in return
21:20she would have to submit to him as his lover
21:23this was too high a price for cassandra
21:26apollo's rage took the form of a cruel and ingenious curse
21:31he granted cassandra the ability to foresee the future
21:35but condemned her to be ignored
21:56the trojans thought she was nuts
21:59they contemptuously referred to her as the lady of many sorrows
22:04today she would be dismissed as a prophet of gloom and doom
22:10cassandra saw nothing but trouble when her brother paris decided to take a trip to sparta
22:17she alone knew that when he got there he would fall in love with the king's wife
22:22a beauty named helen whom he would abduct this would bring ruin to troy
22:33but no one paid any attention this was a time of peace and prosperity
22:39there was no clear and present danger the king wouldn't listen to his daughter no one would
22:47her kid
22:49when paris brought helen home the people of troy celebrated her arrival cassandra was so desperate
22:56to prevent the coming disaster that she attacked helen
23:01cassandra knew that the greeks would seek revenge against the trojans and that they would be victorious
23:08she foretold the defeat of her father's army and the sacking of troy by the greeks
23:13And the Greeks did come, just as Cassandra knew they would.
23:20But even after years of warfare, Troy still stood.
23:27When the Greeks retreated, boarding their ships and sailing out of the harbor,
23:31there must have been a sigh of relief among the few who wondered
23:35if there was something to Cassandra's dire predictions.
23:40But what about that enormous wooden horse?
23:44A Trojan platoon was sent to investigate.
23:47They found a single Greek soldier, a man named Sinon.
23:53The Trojans asked Sinon, what's going on?
23:56He told them that a king of the Greeks had wanted to offer him up as a human sacrifice.
24:02So he'd stayed hidden until his brothers departed for home.
24:06And that colossal wooden horse?
24:09Sinon told them that it was an offering for the goddess Athena.
24:13How wonderful, the Trojans thought.
24:16The horse was the ancient symbol of their city.
24:20Why not move it inside the gates and keep it as a trophy?
24:24Sinon laughed and told them that the Greeks had said it was way too big and heavy
24:29for weaklings like the Trojans to move.
24:32Let them stare at it all day.
24:34Be ashamed about how feeble they are.
24:36Let them stare at it all day.
24:37Be ashamed about how feeble they are.
24:39Tortoise!
24:41V Praetam, Tora!
24:43God!
24:45God!
24:46God!
24:47God!
24:48God!
24:49God!
24:50God!
24:51God!
24:53God!
24:55God!
24:56The Trojans were terrified that Cassandra's attempt at arson would enrage the goddess Athena
25:23and bring her wrath down upon the city.
25:45Once the invaders gave the signal, the ships of the Greek navy that had been waiting out of sight offshore
25:50commenced their attack on Troj.
26:20Apollo had had his fun, Cassandra's grim prophecies had gone unheeded, and now it was too late
26:38for Troj.
26:51For Cassandra, knowing was a curse, but it can also be the greatest of blessings.
26:58Let me tell you another story.
27:03Once upon a time, there were no refrigerators.
27:08It used to be hard to keep food from spoiling in the summertime.
27:24There was a person called the Ice Man.
27:27He would come to your house and sell you a big block of ice.
27:31You'd keep it in something called an ice box to preserve the kinds of food that spoil quickly.
27:38But that was a drag, because the ice kept melting.
27:43It would drip all over the floor.
27:45So somebody thought up another way to keep food cold.
27:49It was a gas-powered system that used ammonia or sulfur dioxide as a coolant.
27:55No more lugging blocks of ice.
27:57What could be bad about that?
27:59The chemicals were not only poisonous, they smelled terrible.
28:04And there were leaks.
28:07A substitute coolant was badly needed.
28:11One that would circulate inside the refrigerator, but would not poison anyone if the refrigerator leaked,
28:17or pose a danger if it was sent to the junkyard.
28:19Something that wouldn't make you sick, wouldn't burn your eyes, or attract bugs, or even bother the cat.
28:28But in all of nature, no such material seemed to exist.
28:33So chemists in the United States invented a class of molecules, little collections of even tinier things called atoms,
28:43that had never existed on Earth before.
28:45They called them chlorofluorocarbons, or CFCs, because they were made up of one or more carbon atoms, and some chlorine and or fluorine atoms.
28:57These new molecules were wildly successful, far exceeding the expectations of their inventors.
29:04Not only did CFCs become the chief coolant in refrigerators, but also in air conditioners.
29:22There were so many things you could do with CFCs.
29:27People used them to propel great fluffy mounds of shaving cream, and to protect your hair from wind and rain.
29:37It was also the propellant that made fire extinguishers and spray paint cans so much fun.
29:45It was good for foam insulation, industrial solvents, and cleansing agents.
29:51The most famous brand name of these chemicals was Freon, a trademark of DuPont.
29:59It was used for decades, and no harm ever seemed to come from it.
30:04Safe as safe could be, everyone figured.
30:08Until in the early 1970s, two atmospheric chemists at the University of California, Irvine, were studying Earth's atmosphere.
30:17Mario Molina was a Mexican immigrant, a young laser chemist.
30:23Sherwood Rowland was a chemical kineticist, someone who studied the motions of molecules and gases under varying conditions.
30:31He was from a small town in Ohio.
30:34Molina wanted to grow as a scientist.
30:37He was looking for a project that would take him as far from his previous research experience as possible.
30:43He wondered, what happens to those Freon molecules when they leak out of the air conditioner?
30:50This was a time when the Apollo astronauts were still making regularly scheduled trips to the moon.
30:56And NASA was contemplating weekly launches of a space shuttle.
31:02Would all that burning rocket fuel pose a danger to the stratosphere?
31:07That place where Earth's atmosphere meets the blackness of space.
31:12And this is how science works a lot of the time.
31:15You set out to solve one problem, and you happen on a completely different, unexpected phenomenon.
31:25Those wonderfully inert, harmless CFCs, the magic molecules of shaving cream and hair spray, didn't simply vanish when we were done with them.
31:35They had an afterlife at the edge of space, where they accumulated in the trillions.
31:42They were silently congregating high above the Earth.
31:45And they were up to no good.
31:50Molina and Rowland were alarmed to discover that the CFCs had thinned the protective layer that shielded us from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation.
32:00And it was getting worse all the time.
32:04When UV light hits a CFC molecule, it strips away the chlorine atoms.
32:10Once that happens, the chlorine atoms start devouring the precious ozone molecules.
32:16It wasn't until our planet developed an ozone layer about two and a half billion years ago that it was safe for life to leave the ocean for the land.
32:26A single chlorine atom can destroy 100,000 ozone molecules.
32:38CFCs were in everything, and the manufacturers couldn't imagine a world without it.
32:46The corporate response to this danger was that the science hadn't been settled.
32:52People had a hard time believing that we had become powerful enough as a species to endanger life on the planet.
33:00They looked for non-human causes for the loss of the ozone in the sky.
33:04One Reagan administration official suggested that everyone just wear more sunblock and put on a hat and sunglasses.
33:12But the scientists pointed out that the plankton, those tiny plants at the base of the global food chain, and the larger plants were unlikely to do so.
33:22Molina and Roland tirelessly worked to warn the world.
33:28What's the use of having developed a science well enough to make predictions if, in the end, all we're willing to do is stand around and wait for them to come true?
33:38Roland and Cassandra would have had a lot to talk about.
33:42But then, something amazing happened.
33:46There was a global outcry.
33:48People all over the world got involved.
33:51In the 1960s, the women of the world demanded an end to atmospheric nuclear testing, because they didn't want to nurse their babies with poisoned milk.
34:01Then in the 80s, consumers demanded that the corporations stop manufacturing CFCs.
34:08And you know what, little one? The governments listened.
34:13CFCs were banned in 197 countries.
34:16That's just about as many countries as there are on this planet.
34:20And that's why this is one danger you can cross off your worry list.
34:26The ozone layer has been getting thicker ever since.
34:31But what would have happened if Roland and Molina hadn't been curious about the stratosphere?
34:40Or if their warnings had been ignored as Cassandra's were?
34:44By the time of your 40th birthday, the ozone would have been all but gone from the entire planet.
34:50You would never have been able to take your own little ones out to bask in the sunshine.
34:55The food crops would have completely failed.
35:00The herbivores, those who live off them, would have died out.
35:04The carnivores would subsist on their corpses for a while, but ultimately, they too would be doomed.
35:11If we continue to safeguard the ozone layer, it will be completely mended by your 50th birthday.
35:20I may not get to see it, but I've imagined what it might be like.
35:26One last story, little one.
35:38It's about another person who had the power to foresee the future.
35:43His story remains unknown outside the scientific community.
35:47But even Apollo would have envied his power of prophecy.
35:52He foretold an epic tale of things to come with astonishing accuracy.
35:58And every one of us, including you, are in his debt.
36:04He was born in a rural part of Japan named Ehime, which means lovely princess.
36:16A place of unspoiled natural beauty.
36:19But he spent much of his childhood buried beneath the surface of the earth.
36:24The cruelest war the world had ever seen had forced the boy and the people of a small town to hide in an underground bomb shelter.
36:33At first, Shukuro Manabe, or Suki, wanted to be a doctor like his father and grandfather.
36:44He discovered physics and became enchanted by it, but didn't think he could do the math.
36:51His grades were poor until he began to concentrate on the questions that interested him most.
36:58Why is the atmosphere and climate of earth the way that it is?
37:03He wondered why earth maintained the same average global temperature year after year.
37:10What was keeping the planetary thermostat set at that particular temperature?
37:15Was it possible to take all the variables of the planet's climate?
37:20Its atmospheric pressure, cloud cover, humidity, surface conditions, ocean and wind currents?
37:26And create a climate model for the planet?
37:29One that had the power of prophecy?
37:33Now remember, this was before climatologists in Japan had any access to computers.
37:40He did these brain-numbing calculations by hand.
37:48In 1958, he was invited to immigrate to the United States by the US Weather Service.
37:55Five years later, Manabe was given access to one of the first supercomputers.
38:00When the great volume of data about earth's climate crashed the entire system, he was mortified.
38:12It took him another four years to assemble the evidence for a bold and tragic prediction.
38:19There are broken branches on the four billion-year-old tree of life.
38:47And this is their monument.
38:51Each hallway memorializes the mass extinctions that were so widespread that life itself came close to dying.
39:00The first five catastrophes happened a long time before we got here.
39:05But the sixth is now.
39:08And it has our name on it.
39:17Once again, it's shown up by three years to above a frame of knowledge of the frame!
39:27This was only a reference to your finds.
39:37sometimes prophecy comes as a cry from the heart of a trojan princess but it can also be the dry
39:46as dust title with scientific paper thermal equilibrium of the atmosphere with a given
39:53distribution of relative humidity doesn't sound like the sky is falling the sky is falling but
39:59that's what it said maybe this is where we should place our golden spike
40:16manabe and his colleague richard weatherald predicted how the temperature of the planet
40:20would change as a function of the increased greenhouse gases humans pumped into the atmosphere
40:26the scientists foresaw precisely how the looming catastrophe would unfold
40:32they saw far into our own time and beyond
40:38some people still claim the science is unsettled but if that's so how was it possible for manabe
40:49and weatherald to correctly predict the rise in earth's temperature across more than 50 years
40:55and if it wasn't caused by us where was all that carbon dioxide coming from the larger community
41:02of climate scientists predicted heightened flooding of coastal cities check the mass death of coral reefs
41:08by ocean warming check the increase in intensity of catastrophic storms check lethal heat waves
41:14droughts and runaway wildfires of unprecedented magnitude check the scientists warned us
41:22droughts what about your future your life your life your first day of kindergarten was postponed until the
41:49stormwater dropped below the lethal temperature level
41:52the thermometer drop below the lethal temperature level
41:54the
42:01wildfires came your family was forced to flee with nothing for your childhood home
42:07of your childhood home.
42:18Water was the champagne at your wedding.
42:37This doesn't have to be.
43:03It's not too late.
43:05There's another hallway.
43:07Another future we can still have.
43:10I promise to get you there.
43:13We'll find a way.
43:35We'll find a way.
43:45We'll find a way.
43:47We'll find a way.
43:57We'll find a way.