The Lost Realms_ Mysterious Collapsed Worlds and Kingdoms (2024) _ FULL DOCUMENTARY

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Transcript

00:00:30The Nile River spans almost 4,175 miles, crosses nine countries throughout Africa, and is widely regarded as the longest river in the world.

00:00:41While all of this might be considered common knowledge, the winding waters of the famous river have many intriguing facts that you might not know.

00:01:00Here are 10 of the most fascinating facts about the Nile River.

00:01:06Without the Nile, the ancient Egyptian civilization may never have existed.

00:01:11The Nile River was considered the source of life by the ancient Egyptians and played a vital role in the country's history and rich culture.

00:01:20The river was also a very important factor in the socio-economic development and success of ancient Egypt.

00:01:27Without the river Nile, the great ancient civilization may never have existed, since rainfall was almost non-existent in Egypt, and the Nile River was the only source of moisture to sustain crops.

00:01:39The real source of the Nile River remains unknown.

00:01:43Some might tell you that Lake Victoria, Africa's main lake, is the source of the river Nile.

00:01:50Others say that the Kagera River and its tributary, the Ravubu, having its headwaters in Burundi, is the real source.

00:01:58The truth is, however, that the source of the river Nile remains a mystery to this day.

00:02:03The Nile Highway

00:02:04The Nile Highway was the highway that joined the country together and was essential for trade and transportation.

00:02:12Up until the 19th century, travel by land was virtually unknown in the region.

00:02:17Ships and boats were the main means of transporting people and goods around the country.

00:02:22Nile, the life-giver

00:02:24Other than providing water, the Nile offered an excellent soil for growing food, which is the main reason why so many Egyptians lived near it.

00:02:34Locals used spears and nets to catch fish and trap different birds that flew close to the surface of the water.

00:02:42Contributing to the production of papyrus

00:02:45So much of what we know about ancient Egypt comes from the plethora of written records left behind on papyrus.

00:02:53The Nile was responsible for providing this papyrus.

00:02:56It came from the reeds growing on the side of the river.

00:03:00The flooding of the Nile

00:03:01Melting snow and heavy summer rain within the Ethiopian mountains sent a torrent of water,

00:03:08causing the banks and the river Nile in Egypt to overflow in this flat desert land,

00:03:13causing massive floods every year.

00:03:16The reason why it doesn't flow now is because of the construction of the Aswan High Dam in the 1960s.

00:03:24Akhet, the inundation

00:03:25Until the Aswan High Dam was built,

00:03:28the early inundation of the Nile happened between June and September

00:03:32in a season the Egyptians called Akhet, the inundation.

00:03:36This was seen by Egyptians as a yearly coming of the deity Happy, bringing fertility to the land.

00:03:42The goddess of the flood was the goddess Mahet-Waret, the great flood.

00:03:48Osiris, the Nile's most sacred god

00:03:50Despite Happy being the local deity in a way,

00:03:54the god most closely associated historically and culturally with the Nile was Osiris,

00:03:59who was killed by his brother Seth on the river bank and then became the king of the underworld.

00:04:05For that reason, the Nile River was an important part of Egyptians' spiritual life as well.

00:04:10The Egyptians believed that this was the passageway between life and death.

00:04:14That's why all Egyptian tombs are built on the west side of the Nile.

00:04:19The west was considered the place of death since the sun god Ra set in the west each day.

00:04:25A popular ancient sport was played on the Nile's waters.

00:04:29Ancient Egyptians practiced a popular river sport, water jousting.

00:04:33Modern knowledge of this sport comes from studying ancient tomb reliefs, thus it is limited.

00:04:40These depictions show that vessels held a small group of men, each one wielding a long pole.

00:04:46While most of the crew used theirs to maneuver the boat,

00:04:49a few of them would stand upright, wielding their poles to knock opponents off their respective boats.

00:04:54Crocodiles have been living in the Nile waters for thousands of years,

00:04:59and they don't really like it when humans get too close to them.

00:05:03They are known to attack humans regularly, usually people washing clothes or fishing at the shore.

00:05:09It's estimated that there are 200 attacks a year from Nile crocodiles in Africa.

00:05:14After a long period of speculation, a team of Polish archaeologists has discovered the functions

00:05:20of almost 100 monumental structures across the Middle Nile,

00:05:24which were built between the 4th and 6th centuries AD

00:05:28and cross an area of approximately 500 kilometers,

00:05:32from today's south of Egypt to central Sudan.

00:05:35The defensive structures served as refuges for the local population

00:05:39who could gather inside behind the safety of the high walls during times of unrest.

00:05:45According to PAP, the project led by Bogdan Zurasky,

00:05:49head of new biology at the Institute of Mediterranean and Oriental Cultures,

00:05:54was subsidy granted by the Foundation for Polish Science

00:05:57to investigate the structures in the context of the formation

00:06:01of the Christian kingdoms in the Valley of the Middle Nine.

00:06:05He said,

00:06:05Archaeological landscape of Egypt is dominated by the pyramids,

00:06:09and Sudan by stone defensive structures from the time just before,

00:06:14and just after the Christianization of pagan kingdoms in the mid-6th century.

00:06:19They are literally all over the whole valley of the Middle Nile.

00:06:23These defensive structures were built 20 to 30 kilometers apart,

00:06:26and between them observation towers were placed.

00:06:30According to the researchers,

00:06:31some of the ramparts were a few meters wide and a few meters high,

00:06:35and were made of mud brick or stones,

00:06:38or sometimes a combination of both.

00:06:39The blocks were bonded with mud mortar,

00:06:42and the walls covered an area of several hectares.

00:06:46In a few of the fortresses,

00:06:47the team of Egyptologists discovered traces of trebuches,

00:06:51ballistic devices that toss stones at distances up to 100 meters.

00:06:55But as well as their military functions,

00:06:58the researchers found evidence that the monuments also had a refugial function.

00:07:03The lack of homes around the monuments also points to this.

00:07:07Regarding the discovery, he said,

00:07:08the scale is unbelievable.

00:07:11After last research season,

00:07:13we are certain that the majority of the fortresses our team studied originally

00:07:17served as refuges,

00:07:19which means that in times of unrest,

00:07:21local people would find refuge behind the huge walls

00:07:24and wait out the danger.

00:07:26During the investigations,

00:07:28the middle interest of the researchers

00:07:30was a rectangular walled structure

00:07:32with a church and a well in the middle in Salib.

00:07:35For a long time,

00:07:36the function of this monument was unclear.

00:07:38The wall did not contain any corner towers

00:07:41and was quite thin compared to other walls.

00:07:44From this period,

00:07:45so it didn't seem to have a defensive function.

00:07:48However, after a year of working there,

00:07:50researchers unearthed 16 bands of stone stairs

00:07:53leading to the top of the wall,

00:07:55which would have allowed quick access to the top of the wall

00:07:58to take defensive action,

00:08:00confirming that this monument was indeed used for defense.

00:08:08When we talk about pyramids,

00:08:17the best known and the first to come to mind

00:08:19are those of Giza and those of Mexico.

00:08:22But there are many other pyramids in Egypt,

00:08:24not to mention those in South America.

00:08:27There are also allegedly examples in Romania

00:08:30and Bosnia-Herzegovina,

00:08:32North America,

00:08:33China,

00:08:34Korea and Italy,

00:08:35though the evidence for the latter group

00:08:38is thin to say the least.

00:08:40One of the latest pyramids discovered

00:08:42is the apparently colossal pyramid in Romania,

00:08:46which would have to be,

00:08:47according to some alternative historians and researchers,

00:08:51more than 15,000 years old.

00:08:53For archaeologists and most researchers,

00:08:57it is merely a natural hill.

00:08:59But for some,

00:09:00this confirms that in the remote past,

00:09:02there were several pre-Diluvian civilizations

00:09:05that were responsible for creating these pyramids

00:09:08all over the world.

00:09:10The fact that the various pyramids scattered all over the world

00:09:13vary massively in date,

00:09:15from prehistoric to medieval,

00:09:17does not seem to bother these researchers.

00:09:20Apparently, these ancient civilizations

00:09:23had the power and knowledge

00:09:24to travel between continents

00:09:26and thus were able,

00:09:28for a reason we still don't know,

00:09:30to build pyramids that were very similar.

00:09:33Usually, the pyramids share a similar structure

00:09:35and were created as places of extreme importance

00:09:39to the daily life of the community,

00:09:41possibly ceremonial centers dedicated to the gods.

00:09:46Although we know of those pyramids

00:09:47that were built a few hundred,

00:09:49sometimes thousands of years ago,

00:09:51in recent years,

00:09:52the evidence has been accumulating

00:09:54in regard to antediluvian civilizations,

00:09:57that is,

00:09:58civilizations that prospered

00:10:00before the last glaciation.

00:10:02This glaciation,

00:10:04and the subsequent deluge,

00:10:06occurred about 14,000 years ago.

00:10:09According to a few researchers,

00:10:10and apparently,

00:10:11these people lost in time

00:10:13would have been pyramid builders.

00:10:15The existence of these forgotten ancestors

00:10:19resides in ancient documents,

00:10:21such as the list of the Sumerian kings,

00:10:24and in the timeline of the Egyptian pharaohs

00:10:27that governed until the moment

00:10:29the gods descended to the earth.

00:10:31For some,

00:10:32the most recent evidence

00:10:33of antediluvian civilizations

00:10:35would be the Bosnian pyramids,

00:10:37discovered in 2005

00:10:39by Sam Osmanagic.

00:10:41These constructions above the village of Visoko

00:10:44have been dated by him

00:10:45to between 12,500 and 30,000 years.

00:10:51Osmanagic calls one

00:10:53the Pyramid of the Moon,

00:10:54and claims it is the world's largest

00:10:56and oldest steppe pyramid.

00:10:59At the opposite side of town

00:11:00is the so-called Pyramid of the Sun,

00:11:03which, at 720 feet,

00:11:06dwarfs the great pyramids of Egypt.

00:11:08A third pyramid, he says,

00:11:10is in the nearby hills.

00:11:12All of them, he says,

00:11:13are at least 12,000 years old,

00:11:16despite the fact that during that time

00:11:18most of Europe was under

00:11:20a mile-thick sheet of ice,

00:11:22and most of humanity

00:11:23had yet to invent agriculture.

00:11:26As a group,

00:11:27Osmanagic says,

00:11:28these structures are part

00:11:30of the greatest pyramidal complex

00:11:32ever built on the face of the earth.

00:11:35But archaeologists remain unmoved.

00:11:39The landform Osmanagic is calling a pyramid

00:11:42is actually quite common,

00:11:44agrees Paul Heinrich,

00:11:46an archaeological geologist

00:11:47at Louisiana State University.

00:11:50They're called flat irons

00:11:52in the United States,

00:11:53and you see a lot of them out west.

00:11:55He adds that there are hundreds

00:11:57around the world,

00:11:58including the Russian Twin Pyramids

00:12:00in Vladivostok.

00:12:01There is another interesting mound

00:12:04in the Carpathian Mountains,

00:12:061,000 metres above sea level,

00:12:09that has captured the imagination

00:12:10of some alternative history enthusiasts.

00:12:14This pyramid has a height of 300 metres.

00:12:17The Pyramid of Cheops in Giza

00:12:19is 150 metres high,

00:12:22and the Pyramid of Bosnia

00:12:23about 220 metres.

00:12:26So the pyramid discovered in Romania

00:12:28would be more similar to that of Cheops,

00:12:30and would be about 80 metres more

00:12:33than the Pyramid of Bosnia.

00:12:35Some researchers who climbed

00:12:37to the top of the mountain

00:12:38found remnants of ancient stone walls,

00:12:41consisting of three layers

00:12:43of overlapping stone,

00:12:46fixed together with clay,

00:12:48which is a material that provides

00:12:49extensive protection against rainwater,

00:12:53and is also an excellent material

00:12:54with which to join stones together.

00:12:57Probably the most fascinating aspect

00:13:00of the fortification

00:13:01was the thick reddish-brown layer

00:13:04of material composed of mineral oxides

00:13:07that covered the outer wall of the pyramid.

00:13:10Based on the kind of plaster

00:13:12that covers up even the cracks

00:13:13between the stones,

00:13:15researchers were able to date the structure

00:13:17using a technique known as dowsing,

00:13:20which resulted in the stones

00:13:22apparently dating back

00:13:23to between 22,000 and 25,000 years old.

00:13:29Further proof of an advanced ancient culture

00:13:32in Romania

00:13:33that was able to construct huge pyramids

00:13:35are the clay tablets

00:13:37that were unearthed

00:13:38in Tertoria, Transylvania,

00:13:40bearing inscriptions

00:13:41belonging to the Vinca culture,

00:13:43who possessed a writing system

00:13:45which according to some

00:13:46predates that of the Sumerians.

00:13:50The inscribed clay tablets

00:13:51were found in a Neolithic context

00:13:54at Tertoria in Romania in 1961.

00:13:58The signs on the tablets

00:14:00are comparable with those of the script

00:14:02of the late pre-dynastic period

00:14:04in Mesopotamia.

00:14:06It seems unlikely, however,

00:14:08that the tablets were drafted

00:14:09by a Sumerian hand

00:14:11or in the Sumerian language

00:14:13of early Mesopotamia.

00:14:15The shapes of the tablets

00:14:16and some of the signs

00:14:17are paralleled in the Minoan scripts

00:14:20of Crete,

00:14:21but the tablets do not seem

00:14:23to be Cretan.

00:14:24There are indications

00:14:25that a similar use of signs,

00:14:27if not actual writing,

00:14:29was practiced in the rest

00:14:30of the Aegean

00:14:31and in the Western Anatolia

00:14:33before the end

00:14:34of the 3rd millennium BC.

00:14:37A knowledge of writing

00:14:39or the use of signs

00:14:40derived from it

00:14:41may have spread to these regions

00:14:43and to the Balkans

00:14:44from Mesopotamia

00:14:46through Syria.

00:14:47This was perhaps one aspect

00:14:48of a common inheritance

00:14:50of religious or magical beliefs

00:14:52and practices.

00:14:54However,

00:14:55the authenticity of the engravings

00:14:57has been disputed

00:14:58from the beginning.

00:14:59A recent claim of forgery

00:15:01is based on the similarity

00:15:03between some of the symbols

00:15:04and reproductions

00:15:06of Sumerian symbols

00:15:07in popular Romanian literature,

00:15:10available at the time of discovery.

00:15:11Some researchers have connected

00:15:14this strange Romanian text

00:15:16with what was allegedly found

00:15:18in the cave of the Teos, Ecuador.

00:15:21In 1976,

00:15:23a major expedition

00:15:24entered the cave

00:15:25in search of artificial tunnels,

00:15:28lost gold,

00:15:29strange sculptures,

00:15:31and a metallic library,

00:15:33supposedly left by a lost civilization

00:15:35aided by extraterrestrials.

00:15:38Among this group

00:15:39was the astronaut

00:15:40Neil Armstrong.

00:15:43The indigenous Shua people

00:15:45of Ecuador

00:15:45have been entering

00:15:47the vast cave system

00:15:48on the jungle-covered

00:15:49eastern foothills

00:15:50of the Andes

00:15:51for centuries.

00:15:53They descend

00:15:53using ladders

00:15:54made of vines

00:15:55through one of three

00:15:57dangerous entrances,

00:15:59the largest of which

00:16:00is a 213-foot-deep shaft

00:16:04that leads into

00:16:05a network of tunnels

00:16:06and chambers

00:16:07stretching for at least

00:16:092.85 miles.

00:16:12For the Shua,

00:16:13these caves

00:16:14have always been

00:16:15a centre for spiritual

00:16:16and ceremonial practices,

00:16:19home to powerful spirits,

00:16:21as well as tarantulas,

00:16:22scorpions,

00:16:23spiders,

00:16:24and rainbow boas.

00:16:26As guardians

00:16:27of the cave system,

00:16:28the Shua have been left

00:16:29in relative peace

00:16:30over the last century or two.

00:16:34However,

00:16:34in 1971,

00:16:36Erich von Daniken's

00:16:37The Gold of the Gods

00:16:39was published

00:16:40and in it

00:16:41he told the obscure story

00:16:42of one Janos Juan Moritz,

00:16:45an explorer

00:16:46who claimed

00:16:47to have entered the caves

00:16:48in 1969.

00:16:50Inside the cave,

00:16:51he said,

00:16:52he had discovered

00:16:52a treasure trove

00:16:53of gold,

00:16:55strange artefacts

00:16:56and sculptures,

00:16:57and a metallic library

00:16:59containing lost texts

00:17:01preserved on metal tablets.

00:17:03And the caves themselves

00:17:05were definitely man-made,

00:17:06he claimed,

00:17:07created by some

00:17:08advanced intelligence

00:17:10now lost to history.

00:17:12Back to the pyramids.

00:17:14According to some

00:17:15researchers and authors,

00:17:16some pyramids

00:17:17could be connected

00:17:18by underground tunnels

00:17:19that stretch

00:17:20for thousands of miles.

00:17:22This has apparently

00:17:23been proven

00:17:24by the use of probes,

00:17:26which send

00:17:27electromagnetic impulses

00:17:28through the earth

00:17:29and have found

00:17:30extensive cavities

00:17:32that are hundreds

00:17:33of thousands

00:17:33of miles long.

00:17:35But the main problem

00:17:36with this theory

00:17:37of a single

00:17:37ancient global

00:17:38super-race

00:17:39building the pyramids

00:17:40is that it does

00:17:41a great disservice

00:17:43to our ancestors.

00:17:45Some supporters

00:17:45of the theory,

00:17:46such as Erich von Daniken

00:17:48and Zechariah Sitchin,

00:17:50claim that the

00:17:50ancient Egyptians

00:17:51were too backward

00:17:52to have constructed

00:17:53the pyramids

00:17:54without the help

00:17:55of extraterrestrials.

00:17:58However,

00:17:59it is undeniable

00:18:00that with so many

00:18:01ancient enigmas

00:18:02only now being

00:18:03brought to light,

00:18:04it is should not

00:18:05surprising

00:18:06that future

00:18:07archaeological advances

00:18:09and discoveries

00:18:10will force us

00:18:11to rethink

00:18:11at least some

00:18:13aspects

00:18:13of what we know

00:18:15of the history

00:18:15of mankind.

00:18:16but it should be

00:18:18the study

00:18:18of real,

00:18:19not imagined

00:18:20ancient monuments

00:18:21like pyramids

00:18:23that will help us

00:18:24in these endeavours.

00:18:34A new study

00:18:35at Utrecht University

00:18:36in the Netherlands

00:18:37has shed new light

00:18:38on one of the Earth's

00:18:39biggest lost continents.

00:18:41The study,

00:18:42led by geologist

00:18:43Del van Hinsbergen,

00:18:45explores the mystery

00:18:46of what is known

00:18:47as Greater Adria.

00:18:49In a paper published

00:18:50in September 2019

00:18:52in the Gondwana Research Journal,

00:18:55Hinsbergen and his colleagues

00:18:56examined rocks beneath

00:18:58the Mediterranean Sea

00:18:59to reveal the full extent

00:19:01of the Greater Adria

00:19:02for the first time.

00:19:04It's enormous,

00:19:05about the size

00:19:06and rough shape

00:19:06of Greenland,

00:19:08Hinsbergen told the press.

00:19:10Greater Adria

00:19:11was completely buried

00:19:13around 140 million years ago,

00:19:15not beneath the ocean,

00:19:17but beneath southern Europe.

00:19:19Its surrounding continents

00:19:20collided,

00:19:21and Greater Adria

00:19:22got bulldozed

00:19:23and buried in the process,

00:19:25sinking beneath

00:19:26what is now Italy,

00:19:27Greece,

00:19:28and the Baltics.

00:19:29But Greater Adria

00:19:30is not unique.

00:19:32Cutting-edge studies

00:19:33of Earth's mantle

00:19:34are now revealing

00:19:35more traces

00:19:36of lost continents.

00:19:38Analysis of ancient rocks

00:19:39suggests that

00:19:40much of all the Earth's

00:19:42earliest continents

00:19:42might have been lost

00:19:44to the ravages of time,

00:19:45and with them

00:19:46much of the history

00:19:47of life on planet Earth.

00:19:49Myths of lost kingdoms

00:19:51have persisted

00:19:52since the dawn

00:19:53of Western civilization.

00:19:55In the 4th century BC,

00:19:57Plato first introduced

00:19:59the concept of Atlantis,

00:20:01which he described

00:20:02as an island continent

00:20:03larger than northern Africa

00:20:04and Asia Minor combined,

00:20:07ruled by ten powerful kings

00:20:08who were the direct descendants

00:20:10of Atlas,

00:20:11son of the god Poseidon,

00:20:13and for whom Atlantis

00:20:14was named.

00:20:16The inhabitants

00:20:16of this faraway land

00:20:18were said to be blessed

00:20:19with untold riches

00:20:20that were paralleled

00:20:22only by their supreme knowledge,

00:20:24attained through

00:20:25their virtuous observance

00:20:26of the rules of the gods.

00:20:28But as generations passed,

00:20:30the Atlanteans

00:20:31grew greedy and materialistic,

00:20:33forsaking the spiritual laws

00:20:35of their founding fathers.

00:20:37They became bent

00:20:37on conquering the wider world.

00:20:40Eventually,

00:20:40the Atlanteans

00:20:41were defeated,

00:20:42and the gods punished them

00:20:43by destroying their land

00:20:44in its entirety,

00:20:46sinking it to the bottom

00:20:47of the sea

00:20:48in the lapse

00:20:49of a single day and night

00:20:509,200 years

00:20:52before Plato's birth.

00:20:55Opinions have differed

00:20:56over the centuries

00:20:57as to whether Plato

00:20:58invented Atlantis

00:20:59as an allegory

00:21:00for the ideal society,

00:21:02or if indeed

00:21:03such a lost continent

00:21:04really did exist

00:21:05and was lost

00:21:06to the ravages of time.

00:21:08Over the years,

00:21:10countless adventurers

00:21:11have attempted

00:21:11to pinpoint the location

00:21:13of Atlantis

00:21:13by trying to interpret

00:21:15Plato's meticulous descriptions

00:21:17of its geography,

00:21:19ceremonies,

00:21:20rituals,

00:21:21customs,

00:21:21and architecture.

00:21:23Atlantis has been traced

00:21:24to a long list of sites

00:21:25around the world,

00:21:27from the Atlas Mountains

00:21:28in North Africa

00:21:29to the Canary Islands,

00:21:31from the Azores

00:21:32in Portugal

00:21:32to Cadiz in Spain,

00:21:35all the way

00:21:35to the Bahamas

00:21:36and even the Antiplano.

00:21:39Over time,

00:21:39the population perception

00:21:41of Atlantis changed

00:21:42from a mythic kingdom

00:21:44cursed by the wickedness

00:21:45of human nature

00:21:46as portrayed

00:21:47in the original text

00:21:48of Plato

00:21:49to the birth

00:21:50of civilization itself.

00:21:52In 1881,

00:21:53former American politician

00:21:55Ignatius Loyola Donnelli

00:21:57wrote the book

00:21:58Atlantis,

00:21:59The Antediluvian World,

00:22:02in which he posited

00:22:03that all the civilizations

00:22:04of the ancient past

00:22:06shared one single origin.

00:22:09He supported his theory

00:22:10with evidence

00:22:10in the commonalities

00:22:12of language,

00:22:13architecture,

00:22:14and religions

00:22:14shared by seemingly

00:22:16independent cultures

00:22:17scattered all across the globe.

00:22:20Although criticized

00:22:20by skeptical academics,

00:22:23Donnelli's book

00:22:24sold thousands of copies

00:22:25and ignited

00:22:26the popular imagination

00:22:27for years to come.

00:22:28Atlantis isn't the only

00:22:30lost civilization

00:22:31to have captured

00:22:32the Western imagination.

00:22:34Charles Darwin's theories

00:22:36of evolution

00:22:36led some scientists

00:22:38to suggest that,

00:22:39since lemurs are abundant

00:22:41in the island of Madagascar

00:22:43and are also found

00:22:44in India and southern Africa,

00:22:46there had to have been

00:22:47a giant land bridge

00:22:48connecting these two areas

00:22:50long ago.

00:22:52English geologist

00:22:53Philip Skatler

00:22:54called this

00:22:54lost land Lemuria,

00:22:57which was posited

00:22:57by several scientists

00:22:59at the time

00:23:00to be the cradle of humanity.

00:23:02And even though

00:23:02modern geology

00:23:03long ago discarded

00:23:05the Lemuria hypothesis

00:23:06in favor of the theory

00:23:08of continental drift,

00:23:1019th century occultist

00:23:11Helena Blavatsky

00:23:13appropriated Lemuria

00:23:14for her 1888 book

00:23:16The Secret Doctrine,

00:23:18which was said

00:23:19to be the real history

00:23:20of man

00:23:20revealed to her

00:23:21by ascended masters

00:23:22living in Tibet

00:23:24and the Far East.

00:23:25According to

00:23:27Blavatsky's

00:23:27spiritual sources,

00:23:29the Lemurians

00:23:30lived on a continent

00:23:31that occupied

00:23:32most of the southern hemisphere.

00:23:34They were hermaphrodite

00:23:35and able to communicate

00:23:37telepathically

00:23:38by way of their third eye.

00:23:40As Lemuria

00:23:40sank beneath the sea

00:23:41millions of years ago,

00:23:43their descendants,

00:23:44the Atlanteans,

00:23:45inhabited a portion

00:23:46of Lemuria

00:23:47in the northern Atlantic

00:23:48that also ended up

00:23:49sinking some 9,000 years ago.

00:23:52Blavatsky believed

00:23:53the descendants

00:23:54of that catastrophe

00:23:55escaped to Central Asia

00:23:57where they evolved

00:23:58into modern Hindus

00:23:59and Indo-Iranians.

00:24:01Even today,

00:24:02belief in the Lemurians

00:24:03is alive and well

00:24:04in New Age communities

00:24:06surrounding Mount Shasta

00:24:07in Northern California.

00:24:09And also thanks

00:24:10to magazine editor

00:24:11Ray Palmer,

00:24:12in 1945,

00:24:14Palmer received

00:24:15the seemingly deranged

00:24:16text of a man

00:24:17named Richard Shaver,

00:24:19who claimed

00:24:19to have been trapped

00:24:20inside the underground dwellings

00:24:21of sinister beings

00:24:23called the Deeros.

00:24:24After making major adjustments

00:24:26to the text,

00:24:27Palmer published the story

00:24:29in Amazing Stories,

00:24:30which boosted sales

00:24:31of the magazine

00:24:32to stratospheric levels.

00:24:35The New Age

00:24:36didn't forget Atlantis either,

00:24:38thanks to Edgar Cayce,

00:24:39the famous sleeping prophet

00:24:41and medical clairvoyant,

00:24:43who in the 1930s

00:24:44started to receive information

00:24:46about Plato's lost continent

00:24:48during his trance-like states.

00:24:50According to Cayce,

00:24:52the Atlanteans

00:24:52had developed

00:24:53a highly advanced civilization

00:24:55that was at least

00:24:56technologically on par,

00:24:58if not superior,

00:24:59to the industrialized world

00:25:00of the 20th century.

00:25:02Cayce died in 1945,

00:25:05but not before predicting

00:25:06that by the late 1960s,

00:25:08the western region of Atlantis

00:25:10would begin to reappear

00:25:11near the Caribbean island

00:25:12of Bimini.

00:25:14In 1968,

00:25:15scuba divers happened

00:25:16to find in the waters

00:25:17just off Bimini

00:25:18what seemed to be

00:25:19a long roadway

00:25:21paved with regular blocks

00:25:22of stone.

00:25:23Subsequent radiocarbon dating

00:25:25of the monumental blocks

00:25:26indicated an age

00:25:28of some 12,000 years.

00:25:30But orthodox scientists

00:25:31have always been quick

00:25:32to dismiss and downplay

00:25:34such findings,

00:25:35just like the provocative

00:25:36submarine formations

00:25:38of Yonaguni,

00:25:39founded in 1987

00:25:40by a diver

00:25:42off the coast of Okinawa.

00:25:44The Bimini roadway

00:25:45was explained as natural

00:25:46formations that only

00:25:48have the appearance

00:25:48of being man-made.

00:25:51Amid this skeptical

00:25:52environment landed

00:25:53Fingerprints of the Gods,

00:25:55the seminal 1995 book

00:25:57by author Graham Hancock.

00:25:59Picking up from where

00:26:00Ignatius Laloila

00:26:02Donnelli left off,

00:26:03Hancock has continued

00:26:04to make the argument

00:26:05in favor of a primordial

00:26:07civilization that influenced

00:26:09the construction

00:26:10of megalithic structures

00:26:11and archaeological landmarks

00:26:13by highlighting

00:26:14their geographical alignment

00:26:16to notable celestial features,

00:26:18which point to

00:26:19a catastrophic event

00:26:20having occurred

00:26:21around the edge

00:26:22of the Younger Dryas Ice Age

00:26:24some 12,000 years ago.

00:26:27Critics like Egyptologist

00:26:28Zahi Hawass

00:26:29have viciously attacked Hancock

00:26:31and accused him

00:26:32of being a pseudo-scientist.

00:26:34But unlike Donnelli

00:26:35140 years ago,

00:26:37it looks like this time

00:26:38Hancock might get the last laugh.

00:26:41The discovery of elevated

00:26:42concentrations of iridium

00:26:44and magnetic spheres

00:26:45coinciding with the Younger Dryas

00:26:47strongly suggest

00:26:48that one or more

00:26:49commentary impacts

00:26:51could have drastically

00:26:52and rapidly altered

00:26:53our planet's climate,

00:26:54reshaping the Earth's

00:26:56ironography

00:26:56and the ocean levels

00:26:58in ways which would have

00:26:59been devastating

00:27:00for any advanced civilization.

00:27:03The discovery of

00:27:03Gobekli Tepe

00:27:04in southeastern Anatolia

00:27:06in the late 90s

00:27:07is further strong evidence

00:27:09of the high levels

00:27:10of cultural sophistication

00:27:11achieved around a time

00:27:13when orthodox archaeology

00:27:15assumed our ancestors

00:27:16were living

00:27:17as simpler

00:27:17hunter-gatherer nomads

00:27:19instead of building

00:27:20astronomically aligned

00:27:21megalithic structures

00:27:22using rocks

00:27:23that weigh

00:27:248 to 10 metric tons each.

00:27:26The number of so-called

00:27:29natural formations

00:27:30found under the oceans

00:27:31is increasing.

00:27:33In 2014,

00:27:34a fisherman managed

00:27:35to detect what seemed

00:27:36like a huge

00:27:37underwater construction

00:27:39between islands

00:27:40in the Azores.

00:27:41The pyramidal structure

00:27:42was said to have

00:27:43a base of 8,000 square meters

00:27:45and was reported

00:27:47to the Portuguese

00:27:48Hydrographic Institute.

00:27:50Unfortunately,

00:27:51no further updates

00:27:52on this potentially

00:27:53groundbreaking discovery

00:27:54are available,

00:27:55and the only websites

00:27:56that carry the story

00:27:57are popular news outlets

00:27:59devoted to ancient mysteries.

00:28:01Reputable websites

00:28:02like National Geographic

00:28:04may squirm

00:28:05when dealing with

00:28:05unconfirmed news

00:28:07of sunken pyramids

00:28:08near the Azores

00:28:08or off the western coast

00:28:10of Cuba.

00:28:12But they have no problem

00:28:13writing about Doggerland,

00:28:14a landmass

00:28:15now submerged

00:28:16between the North Sea

00:28:17which used to connect

00:28:18mainland Europe

00:28:19and the eastern coast

00:28:20of Great Britain.

00:28:22Scientists know

00:28:22that Mesolithic

00:28:23hunter-gatherers

00:28:24used to inhabit

00:28:25this sunken land

00:28:26until they were forced

00:28:28to migrate

00:28:28onto higher ground

00:28:29around 6,000 years ago

00:28:31when the ice sheets

00:28:33that used to cover

00:28:33most of the northern hemisphere

00:28:35began to melt.

00:28:37Stop staring at your screen

00:28:39for a second

00:28:40and take a look

00:28:41at everything around you.

00:28:42The tables and chairs

00:28:44of the cafe you're sitting at,

00:28:46the bookcases and paintings

00:28:47in your living room,

00:28:48your video game console

00:28:49and your TV in your bedroom

00:28:51or the computers

00:28:53and file cabinets

00:28:54around your cubicle.

00:28:55We tend to forget

00:28:56just how fragile

00:28:57all of these gadgets

00:28:58really are

00:28:59until we are

00:29:00brushly reminded of it

00:29:01by a natural disaster.

00:29:03And yet,

00:29:04the many volcanic eruptions,

00:29:06earthquakes and hurricanes

00:29:07we have watched on the news

00:29:09don't compare

00:29:10to the irreversible damage

00:29:12that one single

00:29:13cometary impact

00:29:14would inflict

00:29:14on our technically

00:29:16dependent civilization.

00:29:17How long would we last

00:29:19without electricity,

00:29:21running water

00:29:21or gasoline?

00:29:23How much of our mighty

00:29:24civilization would endure

00:29:25after rising sea levels

00:29:27reshape the features

00:29:28of our planet

00:29:29once again?

00:29:30Graham Hancock's

00:29:31favorite saying goes,

00:29:33ours is a species

00:29:34with amnesia.

00:29:36Perhaps the myth of Atlantis

00:29:37has lingered in our minds

00:29:38for so long

00:29:39it's because it represents

00:29:41the ultimate cautionary tale

00:29:42that,

00:29:43no matter how smart

00:29:44or powerful

00:29:45we think we are,

00:29:46no matter how proud

00:29:47of our achievements

00:29:48and discoveries we feel

00:29:49and how far we think

00:29:51we've advanced

00:29:51in comparison

00:29:52to our primitive ancestors,

00:29:54it is nothing

00:29:55compared to the humbling

00:29:57might of Mother Nature.

00:29:58We are living

00:29:59in a pivotal time

00:30:00in the history

00:30:01for our species

00:30:01and if we don't make

00:30:03the right choices

00:30:04while there is still time,

00:30:06we risk becoming

00:30:07the new Atlantis

00:30:08of our future descendants.

00:30:09The Harapan or Indus Valley

00:30:28civilization which flourished

00:30:29across what is now

00:30:30Pakistan and northwest India

00:30:32from about 3000 BC

00:30:34but was abandoned

00:30:35in 1800 BC

00:30:37according to some

00:30:38due to a terrible

00:30:39atomic war.

00:30:45The Indus Valley

00:30:46was thought to be

00:30:47the earliest civilization

00:30:48in the area

00:30:49but over recent years

00:30:51discoveries have been made

00:30:52which indicate

00:30:53the existence

00:30:54of a civilization

00:30:55on the Arabian Sea

00:30:56coast of India

00:30:57as far back

00:30:58as 8,000 to 10,000 years ago.

00:31:01Some fringe researchers

00:31:02even believe

00:31:03that pre-Ice Age structures

00:31:04as an artifact

00:31:05from a lost civilization

00:31:06await discovery

00:31:08on the seabed

00:31:09in the area.

00:31:11The remains

00:31:12of one of the world's

00:31:13first great cities

00:31:14Mahindra Daru

00:31:16lie on the bank

00:31:17of the Indus River

00:31:18in the Sindh province

00:31:19of southern Pakistan.

00:31:21It was one of the

00:31:22major urban centers

00:31:23of the Indus Valley

00:31:24civilization

00:31:25which originated

00:31:26about 3,300 BC

00:31:28in the Indus

00:31:29and Gagahakura river valleys

00:31:31in what is now

00:31:32Pakistan and western India.

00:31:34Around 1,000 towns

00:31:36and settlement sites

00:31:37of the Indus civilization

00:31:38have so far

00:31:39been discovered

00:31:40with the main sites

00:31:41being the cities

00:31:43of Mohenjo-dara

00:31:44and Harappa

00:31:45located 400 miles

00:31:47north of Mohenjo-daro

00:31:48and the coastal site

00:31:50of Lothal.

00:31:52Traces of the Indus civilization

00:31:54have been discovered

00:31:55as far north

00:31:55as the Himalayas

00:31:56and northern Afghanistan

00:31:58and as far south

00:31:59as Mumbai, Bombay.

00:32:02During its peak period

00:32:03between 2600 and 1900 BC

00:32:06it has been estimated

00:32:07that the Indus civilization

00:32:09may have had a population

00:32:10of as much as 5 million.

00:32:13Located on the lower Indus

00:32:14surrounded by a fertile floodplain,

00:32:16Mohenjo-daro

00:32:18must have been

00:32:19an extremely prosperous city

00:32:20controlling the trade routes

00:32:22based on the river network.

00:32:24Signs of change

00:32:25at Mohenjo-daro

00:32:26began to appear

00:32:27in the material culture

00:32:28of the city

00:32:29after 1900 BC

00:32:31and within 100 years

00:32:33Mohenjo-daro

00:32:34was abandoned

00:32:34as the Indus Valley

00:32:36civilization declined.

00:32:38Some bizarre claims

00:32:40have been made

00:32:40surrounding the supposed

00:32:42destruction of Mohenjo-daro.

00:32:44Without doubt,

00:32:45the most extreme theory

00:32:46is that it

00:32:47and other cities

00:32:48of the Indus civilization

00:32:49were destroyed

00:32:50by ancient atomic warfare.

00:32:53Cited as evidence for this,

00:32:55our facts from the skeletons

00:32:56found at the ancient city

00:32:58were highly radioactive,

00:33:00comparable with those

00:33:01from Nagasaki and Hiroshima,

00:33:03and that many of these skeletons

00:33:04were sprawled in the street,

00:33:06some holding hands

00:33:07as if some instant

00:33:09horrible doom

00:33:10had taken place.

00:33:11The supposed discovery

00:33:13of a heavy layer

00:33:14of radioactive ash

00:33:15in Rajasthan, India,

00:33:17which covers

00:33:17a three-square-mile area,

00:33:19is also given

00:33:20in the support

00:33:21of the claims

00:33:22of ancient atomic warfare.

00:33:24In his 1970 book,

00:33:26Gods from Outer Space,

00:33:27Erich von Daniken

00:33:29says that the old Indian

00:33:30and Tibetan texts

00:33:31in particular

00:33:32team with science fiction weapons.

00:33:35I am thinking

00:33:36of the divine lightning

00:33:37and ray weapons,

00:33:38and of the texts

00:33:39that seem to be referring

00:33:40to bacteriological weapons.

00:33:43Another source,

00:33:44which probably added

00:33:45to the myth,

00:33:46is the

00:33:46Vamanika Shastra,

00:33:48science of aeronautics,

00:33:50which first appeared

00:33:51in English in 1973,

00:33:53translated by

00:33:54G.R. Joshier.

00:33:55This supposedly

00:33:56ancient Sanskrit text

00:33:58discusses the construction

00:34:00of Vimanas,

00:34:01mythical self-propelled

00:34:02aerial vehicles

00:34:03described in the Sanskrit epics.

00:34:06Recent research

00:34:07into this text

00:34:08has, however,

00:34:09shown that the manuscript

00:34:10was actually written

00:34:11sometime between 1918

00:34:13and 1922.

00:34:15Though,

00:34:16this has not prevented

00:34:17it having a significant

00:34:18influence on proponents

00:34:19of the theory

00:34:20that Vimanas

00:34:21were real

00:34:22ancient flying machines,

00:34:23probably used

00:34:24for ancient aerial warfare.

00:34:26From here,

00:34:27it is but a short step

00:34:28to ancient

00:34:29nuclear destruction.

00:34:37Many of the structures

00:34:38at Mohenjo-dero

00:34:39were constructed

00:34:40of fired bricks,

00:34:41and it is partly

00:34:42for this reason

00:34:42that the site

00:34:43is one of the best

00:34:44preserved ancient cities

00:34:45in the world.

00:34:47In fact,

00:34:47the walls of some

00:34:48of the structures

00:34:49still stand 10 feet

00:34:50or more high,

00:34:51pretty impressive

00:34:52after a nuclear destruction.

00:34:55For decades,

00:34:56archaeologists

00:34:57have argued

00:34:57about the origins

00:34:58of the Indus Valley

00:34:59civilization.

00:35:01In 2001,

00:35:02new findings

00:35:03by Indian scientists

00:35:04from the National

00:35:05Institute of Ocean Technology

00:35:07working in the Gulf

00:35:08of Cambay

00:35:09suggest that the

00:35:11Arapans were descended

00:35:12from an advanced

00:35:13mother culture

00:35:14that flourished

00:35:15at the end

00:35:15of the last ice age

00:35:16that was then

00:35:17submerged

00:35:18by rising sea levels

00:35:19before history began.

00:35:22In 2001,

00:35:23the remains

00:35:23of a huge lost city

00:35:24were located

00:35:25118 feet underwater

00:35:27in the Gulf of Cambay

00:35:28off the western

00:35:29coast of India.

00:35:31A year later,

00:35:32further acoustic imaging

00:35:33surveys were undertaken

00:35:35and evidence recorded

00:35:36for human settlement

00:35:37at the site,

00:35:38which included

00:35:39the foundations

00:35:40of huge structures,

00:35:42pottery,

00:35:42sections of walls,

00:35:44beads,

00:35:45pieces of sculpture,

00:35:45and human bone.

00:35:47One of the wooden finds

00:35:49from the city

00:35:50has given

00:35:50a radiocarbon date

00:35:52of 7500 BC,

00:35:54which would make

00:35:55the site 4,000 earlier

00:35:56than the oldest known

00:35:57civilization in India.

00:36:00Research is ongoing

00:36:01at this fascinating site,

00:36:03which,

00:36:03if the dates

00:36:03are proved correct,

00:36:05may one day radically

00:36:06alter our understanding

00:36:07of the world's

00:36:08first civilizations.

00:36:10Researcher Graham Hancock,

00:36:12author of the 2002 book,

00:36:14Underworld,

00:36:15Flooded Kingdoms

00:36:16of the Ice Age,

00:36:17believes such discoveries

00:36:18vindicate his long-held

00:36:20beliefs about the existence

00:36:21of highly advanced

00:36:23civilizations throughout

00:36:24the world

00:36:24in prehistoric times

00:36:26and their obliteration

00:36:28from the historical record

00:36:29by a huge catastrophe

00:36:31over 10,000 years ago.

00:36:34Hancock commented

00:36:35on how the discoveries

00:36:36in the Gulf of Cambay

00:36:37fitted in nicely

00:36:38with his theories.

00:36:40In India,

00:36:40new evidence

00:36:41from the bottom of the sea

00:36:42is showing substance

00:36:44to the myth.

00:36:45This in the Gulf of Cambay

00:36:47in northwest India.

00:36:48In late 2001,

00:36:50scientists conducting

00:36:51pollution studies

00:36:52made an astonishing

00:36:53accidental discovery.

00:36:5525 miles from shore,

00:36:57at a depth of 120 feet,

00:36:59they picked up traces

00:37:00of an ancient city

00:37:01covering a large area

00:37:03of the seabed.

00:37:04The discovery threatened

00:37:05to overturn everything

00:37:06that archaeologists believed

00:37:08about the origins

00:37:09of civilization.

00:37:11They found a city,

00:37:12the size of Manhattan,

00:37:14with massive walls

00:37:15and plazas.

00:37:16And man-made objects

00:37:17from the submerged cities

00:37:18have yielded carbon dates

00:37:20up to 9,500 years old.

00:37:22That's 5,000 years older

00:37:24than any city

00:37:25discovered by archaeologists

00:37:27anywhere.

00:37:28It means we are dealing

00:37:29with a civilization

00:37:30lost at the end

00:37:31of the Ice Age,

00:37:32perhaps even one of those

00:37:33that the flood myths

00:37:34speak of,

00:37:35which flourished

00:37:36before history began.

00:37:38The conclusion,

00:37:39drawn by the geologists

00:37:40who found the site

00:37:41was that the remains

00:37:42constituted a prehistoric

00:37:44civilization that was

00:37:45the forerunner,

00:37:46a model to the subsequent

00:37:48advanced Harapan civilization

00:37:50known to history.

00:37:51They believed that the

00:37:53prehistoric metropolis

00:37:54of Cambay was in existence

00:37:55from about 13,000 BC

00:37:57to around 3,000 BC,

00:38:00making it the most ancient

00:38:02and largest city civilization

00:38:03not only in Asia,

00:38:05but also the entire world.

00:38:07For them,

00:38:08it's at least 7,500 years older

00:38:10than the oldest

00:38:12Mesopotamian city civilization.

00:38:15A certain Dr. Badrin Yaren,

00:38:17chief geologist of the team,

00:38:19also put forward

00:38:20the rather extreme

00:38:21unscientific theory

00:38:22that strong evidence

00:38:23supports the presence

00:38:24of humans

00:38:25from at least 31,000 BP,

00:38:28who were evolving

00:38:29and developing

00:38:30and formed a great

00:38:31hitherto unknown civilization

00:38:33that were submerged by the flood,

00:38:35giving credence to local

00:38:37and global flood myths.

00:38:39There has been considerable

00:38:40controversy over these

00:38:41discoveries and their dating.

00:38:43Critics noted that the team

00:38:45who found the ancient remains

00:38:46were geologists

00:38:47and not archaeologists,

00:38:49and therefore had no experience

00:38:51with investigating

00:38:52archaeological sites

00:38:53and dating archaeological material.

00:38:56The single early date

00:38:58of 7595 BC

00:39:00obtained from the remains

00:39:01comes from one single C-14 dating.

00:39:05Normally,

00:39:06several C-14 dates

00:39:07have to be obtained

00:39:08from objects

00:39:09from the same context

00:39:10to be certain of the date.

00:39:12Claims of the existence

00:39:14of these submerged

00:39:15city-like structures

00:39:16have also been disputed,

00:39:18with some archaeologists

00:39:19maintaining

00:39:19they are natural,

00:39:21not man-made.

00:39:22The same is true

00:39:23of the stone artifacts

00:39:24recovered from the site,

00:39:26which many researchers believe

00:39:28are merely natural stones

00:39:29or rocks.

00:39:31The pottery recovered,

00:39:32for example,

00:39:33is merely drenched up

00:39:34casts of tubeworm tunnels

00:39:36from the ocean floor.

00:39:38At the University of Pennsylvania

00:39:39in the US,

00:39:41archaeologist Gregory Potsell,

00:39:43who has excavated

00:39:44a number of Harapan sites

00:39:46in India,

00:39:47points out

00:39:47that there is no scientific reason

00:39:49to believe

00:39:50that the fossilized wood piece

00:39:52was dated back

00:39:53to 7500 BC

00:39:54and is linked

00:39:55to the ruins

00:39:56in the seabed.

00:39:58Taking into account

00:39:59the strong tidal movement

00:40:00in the area,

00:40:01it could easily

00:40:02have been swept

00:40:03from elsewhere.

00:40:04Other archaeologists

00:40:05don't think it possible

00:40:06that organic matter

00:40:08would have survived

00:40:09for thousands of years

00:40:10in the ocean,

00:40:11thus making it

00:40:12extremely unlikely

00:40:13that finds

00:40:14from the site

00:40:14would contain anything

00:40:15that could be carbon dated.

00:40:17Despite the claims

00:40:19of Hancock

00:40:20and the National Institute

00:40:21of Ocean Technology,

00:40:23nothing has been published

00:40:24from the site

00:40:25since its discovery

00:40:26in 2001.

00:40:28Neither have the artifacts

00:40:30from the site

00:40:30been made available

00:40:31to outside investigation.

00:40:34In fact,

00:40:35nothing at all

00:40:35has been heard

00:40:36of these supposedly

00:40:37amazing discoveries

00:40:38in the Gulf of Cambay

00:40:39for at least 10 years.

00:40:42Taking all of this

00:40:43into account,

00:40:44it does indeed seem

00:40:45that the story

00:40:46of a 9,000-year-old

00:40:47sunken city

00:40:48is just another

00:40:49wild claim

00:40:50made by dubious researchers

00:40:52and completely rejected

00:40:53by the legitimate

00:40:54archaeological community.

00:41:03The term Anua

00:41:04or Anunnaki

00:41:05indicates a group

00:41:06of gods

00:41:07in the Mesopotamian

00:41:08pantheon

00:41:09dating back

00:41:10thousands of years.

00:41:11For some researchers,

00:41:13the Anunnaki

00:41:13were much more

00:41:14than myth.

00:41:15They were real

00:41:16pre-human beings

00:41:17who constructed

00:41:18many of the ancient sites

00:41:20in the world.

00:41:21A number of these

00:41:22ancient sites,

00:41:22such as Gobekli Tepe

00:41:24in Turkey,

00:41:25are thought by some

00:41:26to be gateways

00:41:26to other worlds

00:41:27and parallel universes

00:41:29which can only be accessed

00:41:30by those who know.

00:41:33The Anunnaki

00:41:34Sumer was an ancient

00:41:36civilization located

00:41:37in the Mesopotamia region

00:41:39of the fertile crescent

00:41:41situated between the Tigris

00:41:43and Euphrates rivers.

00:41:45This region is known today

00:41:46as the Middle East.

00:41:47But in antiquity,

00:41:48Mesopotamia also included

00:41:50parts of southwest Asia

00:41:52and land around

00:41:53the eastern Mediterranean Sea.

00:41:55Sumer was first settled

00:41:57by people from 4500

00:41:59to 4000 BC,

00:42:01though it is possible

00:42:02and indeed likely

00:42:03that some settlers

00:42:04arrived much earlier.

00:42:06The Sumerian language

00:42:07is the oldest written language

00:42:08in existence

00:42:09and is first attested

00:42:11about 3100 BC

00:42:13in southern Mesopotamia.

00:42:16In ancient Sumerian texts,

00:42:18Anunna

00:42:18Akkadian

00:42:19Anunnaki

00:42:20describes the highest gods

00:42:22in the Mesopotamian pantheon,

00:42:24but confusingly,

00:42:26it can also be used

00:42:26to design the pantheon

00:42:28of a particular city

00:42:29or city-state,

00:42:30such as the Anuwa of Eridu,

00:42:32for example.

00:42:34One of the main duties

00:42:35of the Anunnaki

00:42:36was to decide the fates

00:42:37as can be seen

00:42:38in the Sumerian myth

00:42:40Enki

00:42:40and the world order.

00:42:42Enki,

00:42:43the king of the Abzu,

00:42:44justly praises himself

00:42:46in his majesty.

00:42:47My father,

00:42:48the king of heaven and earth,

00:42:50made me famous

00:42:50in heaven and earth.

00:42:52My elder brother,

00:42:53the king of all the lands,

00:42:54gathered up

00:42:55all their divine powers

00:42:56and placed them in my hand.

00:42:58I bought the arts and crafts

00:43:00from the Eko,

00:43:01the house of Enlil,

00:43:03to my Abzu

00:43:04in Eridu.

00:43:05I am the good seaman

00:43:06begotten by a wild bull.

00:43:08I am firstborn of Anne.

00:43:10I am a great storm

00:43:12rising over the great earth.

00:43:13I am the great lord of the land.

00:43:16I am the principal

00:43:17among all rulers,

00:43:18the father of all foreign lands.

00:43:20I am the big brother

00:43:21of the gods.

00:43:23I bring prosperity

00:43:24to perfection.

00:43:25I am the sealkeeper

00:43:26of heaven and earth.

00:43:28I am the wisdom

00:43:29and understanding

00:43:30of all the foreign lands.

00:43:32With Anne the king,

00:43:33on Anne's dais,

00:43:35I oversee justice.

00:43:37With Enlil

00:43:38looking out over the lands,

00:43:40I decree good destinies.

00:43:42He has placed in my hands

00:43:43the decreeing of fate

00:43:45in this place

00:43:46where the sun rises.

00:43:47I am cherished by Nintud.

00:43:49I am named

00:43:50with a good name

00:43:51by Nin-Husaijah.

00:43:53I am the leader

00:43:54of the Anunna gods.

00:43:56I was firstborn,

00:43:57son of holy Anne.

00:44:00Although they are usually

00:44:01attested in literary

00:44:02and mythological texts,

00:44:04the Anunnaki

00:44:05are sometimes invoked

00:44:06in curse formulas

00:44:07and also appear

00:44:08in incantations.

00:44:10In the Epic of Gilgamesh,

00:44:11an epic poem

00:44:12from ancient Mesopotamia

00:44:14and the second oldest

00:44:15religious text

00:44:16after the pyramid texts,

00:44:18the phrase

00:44:19Judge of the Anunnaki

00:44:20is mentioned

00:44:21as the title of Gilgamesh.

00:44:23This could be referenced

00:44:24to Gilgamesh's function

00:44:25as a judge

00:44:26in the Underworld.

00:44:28Zechariah Sitchin

00:44:29According to author

00:44:31Zechariah Sitchin,

00:44:32whose theories

00:44:33were compiled

00:44:33into his seven books

00:44:35known as

00:44:35The Earth Chronicles,

00:44:37there is a twelfth planet

00:44:38beyond Neptune

00:44:39known as Nibiru

00:44:40that reaches

00:44:41our inner solar system

00:44:42once every 3600 years.

00:44:46Sitchin believes

00:44:46that an advanced race

00:44:48of human-like extraterrestrials,

00:44:50which he calls

00:44:50the Anunnaki,

00:44:51live on Nibiru

00:44:53and are no less

00:44:54than the missing link

00:44:55in Homo sapiens' evolution.

00:44:57The blurb for Sitchin's

00:44:592015 book

00:45:00The Anunnaki Chronicles,

00:45:02a Zechariah Sitchin

00:45:03reader states,

00:45:04What if the tales

00:45:05from the Old Testament

00:45:06and other ancient writings,

00:45:08such as those

00:45:09from Sumer,

00:45:10Babylon,

00:45:11Egypt,

00:45:11and Greece,

00:45:12were not myths

00:45:13or allegory,

00:45:14but accounts

00:45:14of actual historical events?

00:45:17Drawing both widespread

00:45:18interest and criticism,

00:45:20Sitchin's

00:45:20Earth Chronicles

00:45:21series of books

00:45:22beginning with

00:45:23the Twelfth Planet

00:45:24detailed how humanity

00:45:26arose after the arrival

00:45:27of the Anunnaki,

00:45:29those who from heaven

00:45:30to earth came,

00:45:31alien gods

00:45:32who created modern man

00:45:33in their own image

00:45:34and imparted gifts

00:45:36of civilizing knowledge.

00:45:38If his theories

00:45:39are true,

00:45:40as Sitchin

00:45:40wholeheartedly believed,

00:45:42then this collection

00:45:42presents some of

00:45:43the most important

00:45:44knowledge we have

00:45:45of our origins

00:45:46and future.

00:45:48Other researchers

00:45:49such as Michael Cremo

00:45:51and Erich von Daniken

00:45:52have argued

00:45:53along with Sitchin

00:45:54that the Anunnaki

00:45:55were aliens

00:45:56posing as gods

00:45:57who genetically

00:45:58engineered the human race

00:45:59as slave species.

00:46:01What the evidence is

00:46:02for this extreme theory,

00:46:04however,

00:46:04has never been put forward.

00:46:06Gobekli Tepe

00:46:07Located six miles

00:46:09from the ancient city

00:46:10of Erva

00:46:11in the southeastern

00:46:12Anatolia region

00:46:13of Turkey,

00:46:14Gobekli Tepe

00:46:15is considered

00:46:16to be one of the most

00:46:17important archaeological

00:46:18sites in the world.

00:46:20The discovery

00:46:20of this stunning

00:46:2110,000-year-old site

00:46:23in the 1990s

00:46:24sent shockwaves

00:46:25through the archaeological

00:46:26world and beyond,

00:46:28with some researchers

00:46:29even claiming it

00:46:30as the site

00:46:31of the biblical

00:46:31Garden of Eden.

00:46:33Many examples

00:46:34of sculptures

00:46:34of megalithic architecture

00:46:36that make up

00:46:37what is the world's

00:46:38earliest temple

00:46:39at the site

00:46:40predate pottery,

00:46:42metallurgy,

00:46:43the invention

00:46:43of writing,

00:46:44and the wheel

00:46:44and the beginning

00:46:45of agriculture.

00:46:47That hunter-gatherer peoples

00:46:48could organize

00:46:49the construction

00:46:50of such a complex site

00:46:52as far back

00:46:52as 10,000 or 11,000 years ago

00:46:54not only revolutionizes

00:46:56our understanding

00:46:57of hunter-gatherer culture

00:46:59but also poses

00:47:00serious challenges

00:47:01to the orthodox view

00:47:03of the rise

00:47:03of civilization.

00:47:05There have been

00:47:05one or two

00:47:06alternative suggestions

00:47:07which question

00:47:08the conventional timeline

00:47:10of Gobekli Tepe,

00:47:11however.

00:47:12A summary of British author

00:47:13Andrew Collins' 2014 book

00:47:15Gobekli Tepe,

00:47:17Genesis of the Gods,

00:47:18The Temple of the Watchers

00:47:19and the Discovery of Eden

00:47:21on the publisher's website

00:47:22makes some astonishing claims.

00:47:25Collins explores

00:47:26how Gobekli Tepe

00:47:27was built as a reaction

00:47:29to a global cataclysm,

00:47:31the Great Flood

00:47:32in the Bible,

00:47:33and explains

00:47:34how it served

00:47:35as a gateway

00:47:35and map

00:47:36to the sky world,

00:47:37the place of first creation,

00:47:39reached via a bright star

00:47:41in the constellation

00:47:41of Cygnus.

00:47:42He reveals those

00:47:43behind its construction

00:47:45as the Watchers

00:47:46of the Book of Enoch

00:47:47and the Anunnaki gods

00:47:48of Sumerian tradition.

00:47:50Unveiling Gobekli Tepe's

00:47:52foundational role

00:47:53in the rise of civilization,

00:47:55Collins shows

00:47:55how it's connected

00:47:56to humanity's creation

00:47:58of the Garden of Eden

00:47:59and secrets

00:48:00Adam passed

00:48:01to his son Seth,

00:48:02the founder

00:48:03of an angelic race

00:48:04called the Sethites.

00:48:06In his search

00:48:07for Adam's legendary

00:48:08cave of treasures,

00:48:09the author discovers

00:48:10the Garden of Eden

00:48:11and the remains

00:48:12of the Tree of Life

00:48:13in the same sacred region

00:48:15where Gobekli Tepe

00:48:16is being uncovered today.

00:48:19Ancient sites

00:48:20as gateways

00:48:21to other worlds.

00:48:22But Collins

00:48:23is not alone

00:48:24in claiming

00:48:24that ancient sites

00:48:25like Gobekli Tepe

00:48:26acted as gateways

00:48:28to other dimensions.

00:48:29The hell or Hades

00:48:30of the ancient classical world

00:48:32was supposedly located

00:48:34at the Cape Mataban caves

00:48:36on the southernmost tip

00:48:37of the Greek mainland.

00:48:39Cape Mataban,

00:48:40also known as Cape Teneron

00:48:42or Tenero,

00:48:44was the place

00:48:45where Orpheus

00:48:45traveled down to Hades

00:48:47to rescue Eurydice

00:48:48and where Hercules

00:48:50made his own descent

00:48:51to the underworld

00:48:51and brought Seberus,

00:48:53the multi-headed dog

00:48:55that guards the gates

00:48:56of the underworld

00:48:56to the surface.

00:48:58A mysterious chasm

00:48:59known as Lachus Curtius,

00:49:01located in the heart

00:49:02of the ancient Roman Forum,

00:49:04was also believed

00:49:05to be a gateway to hell.

00:49:07The name indicates

00:49:08that it was a lake

00:49:09and archaeologists

00:49:10believed that

00:49:11in ancient times

00:49:12there was a lake

00:49:13on the site

00:49:13of the later Roman Forum.

00:49:15There are various stories

00:49:16of ritual sacrifice

00:49:18and offerings

00:49:18surrounding the site.

00:49:20It was once believed

00:49:21that at the beginning

00:49:21of a new reign,

00:49:23a chasm would suddenly open

00:49:24in the middle

00:49:25of the Forum Valley

00:49:26which could be closed,

00:49:27according to priests,

00:49:29by human sacrifice.

00:49:31Pluto's Gate,

00:49:32or Plutonian in Greek,

00:49:34is located

00:49:35at the World Heritage Site

00:49:36of Hierapolis

00:49:37in southwestern Turkey,

00:49:39which was discovered

00:49:40as recently as 2013

00:49:41when archaeologists

00:49:43followed the route

00:49:44of a thermal spring.

00:49:45The remains,

00:49:46which the archaeologists

00:49:47recovered,

00:49:48matched closely

00:49:49with ancient descriptions

00:49:50of the temple

00:49:51to the underworld

00:49:52on the site

00:49:53that disappeared mysteriously

00:49:55in the 6th century AD.

00:49:57The Greek geographer,

00:49:59philosopher,

00:49:59and traveller Strabo,

00:50:01who lived from 64 BC

00:50:02to 24 AD,

00:50:04described the site

00:50:05when he visited.

00:50:06This space is full of vapour

00:50:08so misty and dense

00:50:09that one can scarcely

00:50:11see the ground.

00:50:12Any animals that pass inside

00:50:14meets an instant death.

00:50:16I threw in sparrows

00:50:17and they immediately

00:50:18braved their last

00:50:19and fell.

00:50:21Among other artifacts

00:50:22at the site,

00:50:23the archaeologists

00:50:24discovered an inscription

00:50:25with a dedication

00:50:26to the deities

00:50:27of the underworld,

00:50:28Pluto and Kor.

00:50:30They also found

00:50:31the remains of a temple,

00:50:32a pool,

00:50:33and a series of steps

00:50:34built above the cave,

00:50:36all fitting the descriptions

00:50:37of the site

00:50:38in ancient sources.

00:50:40There are numerous

00:50:41other myths

00:50:41describing such entrance places

00:50:43to the underworld

00:50:44all over the world.

00:50:46Could these ancient sites

00:50:47have somehow retained

00:50:49in myth form

00:50:50their function

00:50:51as gateways

00:50:52to other realms?

00:50:53The 13th century BC

00:51:01witnessed the zenith

00:51:03of many Aegean

00:51:04and eastern Mediterranean

00:51:05civilizations

00:51:06such as the Mycenaeans

00:51:08in Greece

00:51:09and the Hittites

00:51:10of what is now

00:51:11Turkey and Syria.

00:51:12However,

00:51:13these civilizations

00:51:14declined

00:51:14and disappeared

00:51:15at the end of the Bronze Age

00:51:16around 3,000 years ago.

00:51:19For many,

00:51:19this collapse was caused

00:51:20by the mysterious

00:51:21sea peoples.

00:51:23The only contemporary source

00:51:25for these sea peoples

00:51:26are inscriptions

00:51:27describing two

00:51:28Egyptian military campaigns.

00:51:31The first of these campaigns

00:51:32was by the Mernatar,

00:51:33who ruled from 1213

00:51:35to 1203 BC

00:51:36against the Libyans,

00:51:38who with the help

00:51:39of northerners

00:51:39coming from all lands,

00:51:41also referred to as

00:51:42peoples of the countries

00:51:43of the sea,

00:51:44were attempting

00:51:45to move in

00:51:45to the western delta.

00:51:47Three or four decades later,

00:51:49Pharaoh Ramesses III,

00:51:51who reigned

00:51:51from around 1186

00:51:53to 1155 BC,

00:51:55fought against

00:51:55another wave

00:51:56of these invaders

00:51:57moving south

00:51:58from Syria.

00:51:59Ramesses commemorated

00:52:01the campaign

00:52:01on his mortuary temple

00:52:03at Medinet Habu

00:52:04on the west bank

00:52:05of the Nile

00:52:06opposite Luxor,

00:52:08where he referred

00:52:08to his antagonists

00:52:10as invaders

00:52:11from the foreign countries.

00:52:12The inscriptions

00:52:14at Medinet Habu

00:52:15date to the year

00:52:17of Ramesses III's reign

00:52:18at about 1190 BC.

00:52:21The texts

00:52:21are extremely significant

00:52:23as they provide

00:52:24an account

00:52:24of Egypt's campaign

00:52:25against these invaders

00:52:27from an Egyptian

00:52:27point of view,

00:52:28and the artistic depictions

00:52:30of the sea peoples

00:52:31give important information

00:52:33about the appearance

00:52:34of weapons

00:52:34of the various groups.

00:52:36One inscription

00:52:37from the site states,

00:52:38Now the northern countries,

00:52:40which were in their isles,

00:52:42were quivering

00:52:42in their bodies.

00:52:44They penetrated

00:52:44the channels

00:52:45of the Nile's mouths.

00:52:47Their nostrils

00:52:48have ceased to function

00:52:49so that

00:52:50their desire

00:52:51to breathe the breath.

00:52:53His majesty

00:52:53has gone forth

00:52:54like a whirlwind

00:52:55against them,

00:52:56fighting on the battlefield

00:52:57like a runner.

00:52:59The dread of him

00:52:59and the terror of him

00:53:01have entered

00:53:02into their bodies.

00:53:03They are capsized

00:53:04and overwhelmed

00:53:04in their places.

00:53:06Their hearts

00:53:06are taken away,

00:53:07their soul

00:53:08is flown away,

00:53:09their weapons

00:53:10are scattered

00:53:11by the sea.

00:53:12The Phoenicians

00:53:13are known today

00:53:14for their development

00:53:15of the alphabet,

00:53:16their cedar-built ships,

00:53:18fine purple cloth,

00:53:19and their trading cities

00:53:20in Lebanon,

00:53:21Carthage,

00:53:22and Tyre.

00:53:23The Phoenician culture

00:53:24emerged around 1550 BC

00:53:26in a narrow coastal strip

00:53:28of land

00:53:28which is now Lebanon,

00:53:30Syria,

00:53:31and parts of Israel,

00:53:32and became the great maritime

00:53:34traders of the ancient world.

00:53:36By 700 BC,

00:53:37they had expanded

00:53:38to dominate the Mediterranean area,

00:53:40establishing emporiums

00:53:42and colonies

00:53:43from Cyprus in the east

00:53:44to the Aegean Sea,

00:53:46Italy,

00:53:46the coast of north of Africa,

00:53:48and the Atlantic coast

00:53:49of Spain in the west.

00:53:51However,

00:53:52invasions of their homeland

00:53:53by the Persians

00:53:54in 539 BC

00:53:56and Alexander the Great

00:53:57200 years later

00:53:58sent their civilization

00:54:00into decline.

00:54:02The Phoenician civilization

00:54:03was organized

00:54:03in city-states,

00:54:05which generally occupied

00:54:06strategically important sites

00:54:08along the Mediterranean coast

00:54:09and soon became

00:54:11important trading centers

00:54:12establishing trade networks

00:54:14with Egypt,

00:54:15the Hittite Empire,

00:54:16and Babylonia.

00:54:17Many of these cities,

00:54:19Byblos,

00:54:20Tyre,

00:54:20and Sidon,

00:54:21had been

00:54:22Canaanite settlements,

00:54:23and there is no reason

00:54:24to believe

00:54:25there was any cultural break

00:54:26between the Canaanites

00:54:27and Phoenicians

00:54:28in the area.

00:54:29However,

00:54:30around 1200 BC,

00:54:32an unknown event

00:54:32occurred in the region

00:54:33which caused

00:54:34a general collapse.

00:54:36This is historically

00:54:37connected with an invasion

00:54:38from the north

00:54:39by a group known

00:54:40as the Sea Peoples.

00:54:43Mycenaean Greece

00:54:44circa 1600 BC

00:54:46to 1100 BC

00:54:48consisted of a series

00:54:49of independent city-states

00:54:51centered on palaces

00:54:52and the most importance

00:54:54of which was Mycenae

00:54:55in the northeastern Peloponnese,

00:54:57the home of the

00:54:58semi-legendary Agamemnon,

00:55:00one of the leaders

00:55:01of the Greek army

00:55:02which defeated Troy.

00:55:04Each Mycenaean city

00:55:06was autonomous,

00:55:07ruled by a king,

00:55:08and protected

00:55:08by considerable fortifications.

00:55:11At their height,

00:55:12the Mycenaeans

00:55:13controlled all of Greece

00:55:14and the Aegean

00:55:15from the separate city-states.

00:55:18The Sea Peoples

00:55:18are believed by some

00:55:20to have caused

00:55:20the downfall

00:55:21of the Mycenaean civilization

00:55:22at the end

00:55:23of the Bronze Age

00:55:24during which

00:55:25all Mycenaean palaces

00:55:27except those

00:55:28on the Acropolis

00:55:29of Athens

00:55:30were destroyed.

00:55:31Although human agency

00:55:33was certainly involved

00:55:34as many of the palaces

00:55:35were burnt to the ground,

00:55:37whether the Sea Peoples

00:55:38were responsible

00:55:39for all of this

00:55:39or just part

00:55:41of a more widespread unrest

00:55:42is not clear.

00:55:43Some researchers

00:55:44have suggested

00:55:45that the Mycenaeans

00:55:47later formed

00:55:47all or part

00:55:48of the Sea Peoples,

00:55:50perhaps together

00:55:50with groups of Phoenicians

00:55:52becoming essentially pirates

00:55:53roaming the eastern Mediterranean.

00:55:56Whoever these people were

00:55:58and whatever happened

00:55:59around 1200 BC,

00:56:00the power of the Egyptians,

00:56:02the Hittites,

00:56:03the Mycenaean Greeks

00:56:04and other civilizations

00:56:05in the area

00:56:06was considerably weakened

00:56:08and the whole

00:56:08of the Mediterranean world

00:56:10entered a period

00:56:11of economic

00:56:11and political instability

00:56:13which will still last

00:56:14for hundreds of years.

00:56:16It is during

00:56:17this volatile period

00:56:18that many Phoenician cities

00:56:20began to develop

00:56:21into significant

00:56:22maritime powers,

00:56:24perhaps due to

00:56:25the power vacuum

00:56:26led by the decline

00:56:27of the major Mediterranean

00:56:28and Near Eastern cultures

00:56:30of the time.

00:56:31The ethnic makeup

00:56:32of the Sea Peoples

00:56:33has long been a matter

00:56:34for heated debate.

00:56:36Over the years,

00:56:37it has been believed

00:56:38by various researchers

00:56:39to have included

00:56:40Etruscans,

00:56:41Trojans,

00:56:42Sardinians,

00:56:43Philistines,

00:56:45Minoans from Crete

00:56:46and of course Atlanteans.

00:56:48In his 2008 book

00:56:50Bronze Age Atlantis,

00:56:51the International Nautical Empire

00:56:53of the Sea Peoples,

00:56:54author Walter Bakum

00:56:56posits a link

00:56:56between the Sea Peoples

00:56:58of the Eastern Mediterranean

00:56:59at the Lost Civilization

00:57:00of Atlantis.

00:57:02An advertisement

00:57:02for his book

00:57:03sums up his theory,

00:57:05stating,

00:57:06Walter Bakum

00:57:06merits the Empire

00:57:07of Atlantis

00:57:08as having initiated

00:57:09the Bronze Age.

00:57:11He also sees Atlantis

00:57:12as being a cultural

00:57:13and trading bridge

00:57:14between the American continents

00:57:16and Europe.

00:57:17He identifies

00:57:18the Sea Peoples

00:57:19who attacked Egypt

00:57:20in the 1200 BCE

00:57:22as offshoots

00:57:23from the inhabitants

00:57:24of Atlantis.

00:57:25Although the title

00:57:26would seem to imply

00:57:27romantic fantasy,

00:57:28the book is a serious work

00:57:30about the confederation

00:57:31of two major peoples

00:57:32and their search

00:57:33for the metals

00:57:34that gave them

00:57:35almost complete control

00:57:36of the Bronze Age

00:57:37for a thousand years.

00:57:39It rethinks

00:57:39the sensationalized

00:57:41and romanticized version

00:57:42of Plato's Atlantis,

00:57:43with proof after proof

00:57:45of the identities

00:57:46and commercial enterprises

00:57:47of those ancient

00:57:49master mariners.

00:57:50It clearly shows

00:57:51that the story

00:57:52as told by the Egyptian

00:57:53priest to Solon

00:57:54who brought it back

00:57:55to Greece

00:57:56was derived

00:57:56from original records

00:57:58contained in ancient

00:57:59Egyptian temple inscriptions

00:58:01and papyrus texts.

00:58:03The book further identifies

00:58:04the most reasonable location

00:58:06of the capital city

00:58:07of Atlantis,

00:58:09the correct time

00:58:09and extent

00:58:10of its oceanic empire

00:58:12and the reason

00:58:12for its collapse

00:58:13in 1200 BCE.

00:58:16Scholars of Eastern

00:58:16Mediterranean prehistory

00:58:18have been waiting

00:58:19with barely concealed

00:58:20excitement for 13 years

00:58:22for Bakun's solid evidence

00:58:23for his extreme theories.

00:58:26He has yet to provide any.

00:58:27Although some researchers

00:58:29believe that the Sea Peoples

00:58:30were a real confederacy

00:58:32of seafaring raiders,

00:58:33many think that

00:58:34rather than being interpreted

00:58:35as one cultural group,

00:58:37the term is best understood

00:58:39as referring to a number

00:58:40of population movements

00:58:41by various groups

00:58:43around 1200 BC.

00:58:45In other words,

00:58:46they were a symptom

00:58:46of the collapse,

00:58:48not the cause.

00:58:49The origins

00:58:50and identity

00:58:50of these roving groups,

00:58:51however,

00:58:52is still obscure.

00:58:54However,

00:58:54a recent DNA study

00:58:56of ancient human remains

00:58:57from the city of Ashkelon

00:58:59on the coastal plain

00:59:0012 miles or so north of Gaza

00:59:02in what is now Israel

00:59:03has provided

00:59:04some fascinating,

00:59:05significant results

00:59:07in terms of the identity

00:59:08of the Sea Peoples.

00:59:10The abstract of the article,

00:59:11which appeared

00:59:12in the journal Science Advances

00:59:13in July 2019,

00:59:15makes interesting reading.

00:59:17It says,

00:59:18the ancient Mediterranean port

00:59:19city of Ashkelon,

00:59:21identified as Philistine

00:59:23during the Iron Age,

00:59:24underwent a marked

00:59:25cultural change

00:59:26between the late Bronze

00:59:28and the early Iron Age.

00:59:30It has long been debated

00:59:31whether this change

00:59:32was driven by

00:59:32a substantial movement

00:59:34of people,

00:59:35possibly linked

00:59:35to a larger migration

00:59:37of the so-called Sea Peoples.

00:59:39Here,

00:59:39we report genome-wide data

00:59:41of 10 Bronze

00:59:42and Iron Age individuals

00:59:44from Ashkelon.

00:59:45We find that

00:59:46the early Iron Age population

00:59:48was genetically distinct

00:59:50due to a European-related

00:59:52admixture.

00:59:53This genetic signal

00:59:54is no longer detectable

00:59:56in the later Iron Age population.

00:59:58Our results support

00:59:59that a migration event

01:00:01occurred during the Bronze

01:00:02to Iron Age transition

01:00:03in Ashkelon,

01:00:05but it did not leave

01:00:06a long-lasting

01:00:07genetic signature.

01:00:09Hopefully,

01:00:09this is just the first

01:00:11of many DNA studies

01:00:12of the ancient populations

01:00:13of the eastern Mediterranean,

01:00:15which will soon shed

01:00:16some much-needed light

01:00:18on the mysterious

01:00:19Sea Peoples.

01:00:20The largest collection

01:00:26of four millennia

01:00:27of Egyptian culture

01:00:28is located in Turin,

01:00:30Italy,

01:00:30and the single

01:00:31most valuable document

01:00:32is the Turin King List,

01:00:35or Turin Royal Canon.

01:00:37It is a damaged papyrus

01:00:39that provides an overview

01:00:40of all the rulers of Egypt.

01:00:43Only Cairo,

01:00:44London,

01:00:44and Turin

01:00:45have major museums

01:00:47totally dedicated

01:00:48to ancient Egypt.

01:00:49For the grand collection

01:00:50in Turin,

01:00:51the credit belongs

01:00:52to diplomat

01:00:53and collector

01:00:54Bernardino Drovetti,

01:00:561776-1852,

01:00:59who had been appointed

01:01:00by Napoleon

01:01:00as a French consul

01:01:02in Egypt in 1802,

01:01:04and as consul general

01:01:05in 1821.

01:01:08For years,

01:01:09Drovetti strove

01:01:10to create his collection

01:01:11in Egypt in the 1820s,

01:01:13later to offer it

01:01:14to potential European buyers

01:01:16in an auction.

01:01:17The largest collection

01:01:18was purchased

01:01:19by the French government

01:01:20in 1823,

01:01:22and the collection

01:01:22ended up in Turin,

01:01:24then a part of France.

01:01:26With several further purchases

01:01:27of valuable Egyptian artifacts,

01:01:29Turin became a center

01:01:31for the remains

01:01:31of Egyptian culture,

01:01:33which were housed

01:01:34at the impressive

01:01:34Jesuit architectural complex

01:01:37downtown.

01:01:38Pyramid researcher

01:01:39Dr. Sam Osmanigich

01:01:41visited the Egyptian museum

01:01:43in Turin

01:01:43a couple of times,

01:01:4520 and 12 years ago.

01:01:46The focus of his visits

01:01:48had been on the largest

01:01:50collection of mummies

01:01:51in the world.

01:01:52However,

01:01:52his third visit

01:01:53was focused

01:01:54on the Turin king list.

01:01:57Drovetti obtained

01:01:58this papyrus,

01:01:591.7 meters long

01:02:00and 0.41 meters wide.

01:02:04In 1818,

01:02:05in Luxor,

01:02:06most likely

01:02:06from one of the tombs,

01:02:08packaged it

01:02:08and mailed it

01:02:09to Turin in 1820.

01:02:11During the transport,

01:02:12the papyrus was damaged

01:02:14and unfortunately,

01:02:1550% of the text

01:02:17was lost.

01:02:18The chronology

01:02:19of Egyptian rulers

01:02:20intrigued researchers

01:02:22throughout the world.

01:02:23There are several

01:02:24historical documents

01:02:25which allowed

01:02:26the compilation

01:02:27of this sequence.

01:02:28Nine documents stand out.

01:02:31Den Sil,

01:02:32a pharaoh of the 1st dynasty,

01:02:34listing all 1st dynasty pharaohs

01:02:36from Nama to himself.

01:02:39Palermo stone,

01:02:40of the 5th dynasty,

01:02:42listing the former pharaohs

01:02:43of the 5 dynasties.

01:02:45However,

01:02:45the stone had been broken

01:02:47so the list is incomplete.

01:02:49Giza king list,

01:02:51created during the 6th dynasty,

01:02:53selective.

01:02:54Karnak king list,

01:02:5618th century,

01:02:57highly selective.

01:02:59Abydos king list,

01:03:0019th century,

01:03:01missing the pharaohs

01:03:02of the 1st immediate period.

01:03:05Sakwara king list,

01:03:06missing the pharaohs

01:03:07of the 1st dynasty.

01:03:09Manentho's list,

01:03:11Greek period,

01:03:12the original had been lost,

01:03:14translations have

01:03:15inaccurate additions.

01:03:17All of these lists are,

01:03:18however,

01:03:19deemed complementary

01:03:20relative to the most

01:03:21comprehensive

01:03:22and systematic

01:03:23Turin royal list,

01:03:25compiled at the age

01:03:26of pharaoh Ramonese II

01:03:28in the 19th dynasty,

01:03:29i.e.,

01:03:30in the 13th century BC.

01:03:33Only this list in Turin

01:03:34contains the names of pharaohs

01:03:36and the years,

01:03:37often even months and days,

01:03:39when they reigned.

01:03:40Other lists may have been used

01:03:42for comparison and verification.

01:03:44For instance,

01:03:45some lists excluded

01:03:46and hated foreign rulers,

01:03:48Nubian, Libyan,

01:03:49Mesopotamian.

01:03:50Some others excluded

01:03:52the rulers of different

01:03:53religious persuasions,

01:03:54and so on.

01:03:55In this regard,

01:03:56the Turin list

01:03:57is objective and neutral.

01:04:00Presumably,

01:04:00when it had been undamaged,

01:04:02it included the names

01:04:03of 300 rulers.

01:04:05Sadly,

01:04:05both the beginning

01:04:06and the end of the list

01:04:07has been lost,

01:04:08and some names

01:04:09have been gravely damaged.

01:04:11The papyrus

01:04:12was divided

01:04:13into 11 columns.

01:04:15The first column

01:04:15lists the gods

01:04:16of ancient Egypt,

01:04:17the second,

01:04:18the demigods

01:04:19and mythical kings

01:04:20of ancient Egypt.

01:04:22The third column

01:04:22contains the sons of gods,

01:04:24dynasties I and II.

01:04:26The fourth

01:04:27and subsequent ones

01:04:28list the sons of gods,

01:04:30dynasties II through to V,

01:04:32i.e. mortal rulers.

01:04:34Now we come to the cause

01:04:35of Dr. Sam's interest

01:04:37in this document.

01:04:38The list of pharaohs

01:04:39had been compiled

01:04:40so the rulers

01:04:41could demonstrate

01:04:42and prove

01:04:43that they were

01:04:43direct descendants of gods

01:04:45and that their bloodline

01:04:46reached all the way

01:04:47back to Horus.

01:04:48Therefore,

01:04:49sons of gods or pharaohs

01:04:50were reincarnations

01:04:52of Horus on earth,

01:04:53and after death,

01:04:54they were identified

01:04:55with Osiris.

01:04:57This list reaches back

01:04:58to the time when Egypt

01:05:00had been ruled

01:05:00by gods who came

01:05:01from the sky.

01:05:03At the end of the list,

01:05:04in its last two lines,

01:05:06as a summary

01:05:06of the entire document,

01:05:08it reads,

01:05:09Honorable Shemsihor

01:05:10year 13,420,

01:05:14the reign before Shemsihor,

01:05:1623,200 years.

01:05:18That's a total

01:05:19of 36,320 years.

01:05:23Although the bulk

01:05:24of the first

01:05:24and second column

01:05:25is missing,

01:05:26it's clear

01:05:27that it had contained

01:05:28a record

01:05:28of the first rulers

01:05:29of Egypt

01:05:30who reigned considerably

01:05:31longer than mortal humans.

01:05:33We could make a comparison

01:05:35with the Sumerian king list.

01:05:37In an age

01:05:37more than 30,000 years ago,

01:05:40Sumerian kings ruled

01:05:41on average

01:05:42for 1,000 years each.

01:05:43That had been,

01:05:44without a doubt,

01:05:45the case in Egypt as well.

01:05:47Certainly,

01:05:48in those times,

01:05:49Egypt looked different.

01:05:50Instead of the present-day desert,

01:05:52northern Africa

01:05:53had been green,

01:05:54with fertile soil

01:05:55and a pleasant climate.

01:05:57That was why the gods

01:05:58rightly selected Egypt

01:05:59as their home.

01:06:01Criticisms of some historians

01:06:02that the age of the gods

01:06:04ought to be discounted

01:06:05and the reign of Egypt's rulers

01:06:07should be counted

01:06:08only from the pharaoh,

01:06:09the first mortal,

01:06:10son of gods,

01:06:11pharaoh's menace,

01:06:12are biased and unscientific.

01:06:15If we accept

01:06:15that all mortal rulers,

01:06:17why would we reject

01:06:18immortal ones?

01:06:19Why have such selectivity

01:06:21in science?

01:06:22To take what suits us

01:06:23and what fits our view

01:06:24of the world

01:06:25and to cast aside

01:06:26what clashes

01:06:27with our own ideas?

01:06:29The Turing king list

01:06:30clearly demonstrated

01:06:31that there had been

01:06:32nine dynasties

01:06:33that correspond

01:06:34to the pre-dynastic period

01:06:36of the pharaohs.

01:06:37These include

01:06:38the rulers of Memphis,

01:06:40rulers of the north,

01:06:41and lastly,

01:06:42Shemsu-Hor,

01:06:43Horus followers,

01:06:44who reigned over Egypt

01:06:45until Mennes,

01:06:47the first mortal pharaoh

01:06:48of Egypt.

01:06:49According to Roman historian

01:06:51Usbius of Caesarea,

01:06:54the dynasty of the gods

01:06:55reigned in Egypt

01:06:56for 13,900 years.

01:06:59The first god, Vulcan,

01:07:00who brought fire to humans,

01:07:02then Sosus,

01:07:03Isis,

01:07:04and Osiris,

01:07:05followed by Osiris' brother,

01:07:07Typhon,

01:07:08and ultimately Horus,

01:07:09son of Isis and Osiris.

01:07:12They had been succeeded

01:07:13by demigods

01:07:14who reigned

01:07:14for 11,025 years.

01:07:17This adds up to 24,925 years,

01:07:21around 3,000 years BC.

01:07:23The first human pharaohs

01:07:24took over

01:07:25as the rulers of Egypt.

01:07:27Manetho also mentioned

01:07:29the age of gods and demigods.

01:07:31He identified four dynasties

01:07:32that preceded Mennes,

01:07:34two dynasties of gods,

01:07:36one of demigods,

01:07:37as well as one transitional dynasty.

01:07:39The first two dynasties

01:07:41included several crucial gods,

01:07:43Petar,

01:07:44Ra,

01:07:45Shu,

01:07:45Geb,

01:07:46Osiris,

01:07:47Seth,

01:07:47and Horus,

01:07:48and they reigned over Egypt

01:07:50for a period of 12,300 years.

01:07:53They were succeeded

01:07:54by a third dynasty

01:07:55led by Toth,

01:07:56which numbered

01:07:57twelve divine pharaohs.

01:07:59They reigned

01:07:59for more than 1,500 years.

01:08:02These had to be supplanted

01:08:03by 30 demigods

01:08:05of the fourth dynasty,

01:08:06who had often been referred

01:08:08to as the followers of Horus.

01:08:10The hawk was their emblem,

01:08:11and they reigned

01:08:12for 6,000 years.

01:08:13After the reign

01:08:15of these otherworldly beings,

01:08:17chaos broke out in Egypt.

01:08:19Finally,

01:08:19Pharaoh Menes

01:08:20brought the order

01:08:21and united the lands

01:08:22of ancient Egypt.

01:08:24On the Turim papyrus,

01:08:26the first column

01:08:27lists the gods

01:08:27of an ancient land

01:08:29on the Nile River.

01:08:30The second column,

01:08:31in lines 1 to 10,

01:08:33lists demigods

01:08:34or spirits

01:08:34and mythical kings

01:08:36as described by some.

01:08:38It is to this section

01:08:39of the papyrus

01:08:40that Dr. Sam's eyes

01:08:41were drawn the most.

01:08:42These two columns

01:08:43had also been

01:08:44most gravely damaged.

01:08:46A couple of years ago,

01:08:47the museum announced

01:08:48that the damaged sections

01:08:49of the papyrus

01:08:50had been found

01:08:51and that their identification

01:08:52was underway.

01:08:54Let us hope

01:08:54that we'll get

01:08:55new confirmations

01:08:56about these

01:08:57most ancient times.

01:08:59Focus Meditation

01:09:00by Dr. Sam

01:09:01on Turing King's List

01:09:03A lower priest

01:09:04had written

01:09:04on this papyrus

01:09:06following the instruction

01:09:07of the supreme priest.

01:09:09They based it

01:09:09on all other documents.

01:09:11The gods actually existed.

01:09:13It had been

01:09:13a different age.

01:09:15They had flying craft.

01:09:16Gods reigned over humans.

01:09:18Museum visitors

01:09:19brought Dr. Sam

01:09:20back to reality.

01:09:22Due to the sheer volume

01:09:23of artifacts

01:09:24on the museum's

01:09:25several levels,

01:09:26few set aside

01:09:27much time to focus

01:09:28on the Turing King list.

01:09:30Contemporary,

01:09:31unbiased researchers

01:09:32will come back

01:09:33to this list

01:09:33and forever shake

01:09:35Egyptologists dogmas

01:09:36in the future.

01:09:38Egyptian history

01:09:38didn't start

01:09:395,000 years ago

01:09:40but more than

01:09:4136,000 years

01:09:43before the present.

01:10:01such as the

01:10:13different parts

01:10:14of Nand Lid vaan

01:10:15were a history

01:10:15of France.

01:10:16The?]

01:10:17I'm

01:10:17American July

01:10:19because it was

01:10:20the person

01:10:21who was

01:10:22thejets

01:10:23who became

01:10:24stranden

01:10:25by the

01:10:26other

01:10:26and

01:10:26in

01:10:27the

01:10:28version

01:10:28of

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