La NASA a fait quelque chose d'absolument époustouflant : ils ont envoyé une sonde spatiale directement dans l'atmosphère du Soleil, et elle a réellement survécu ! La sonde solaire Parker est devenue le premier objet fabriqué par l'homme à toucher le Soleil, plongeant à travers sa couche externe brûlante, la couronne. Les scientifiques l'ont conçue avec un bouclier thermique ultra-puissant pour résister à des températures dépassant les 2 500°F (1 377°C). En traversant, elle a recueilli des données sur les vents solaires et les particules chargées, nous aidant à comprendre comment le Soleil affecte la météo spatiale. Cela pourrait un jour aider à protéger les satellites, les astronautes, et même les réseaux électriques sur Terre des tempêtes solaires dangereuses. Le fait qu'une petite sonde ait traversé la fureur du Soleil et continue d'envoyer des données est tout simplement incroyable—et elle s'approche de plus en plus ! 🔥 Animation créée par Sympa.
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FunTranscript
00:00NASA has launched a space probe directly towards the sun.
00:08It is the object designed by the fastest man ever made,
00:12able to cross the distance between Philadelphia and Washington, D.C., in a single second.
00:18The Parker Solar Probe is on a mission to analyze the extreme phenomena of our star.
00:22Scientists warn that gigantic solar storms are inevitable
00:27and could have disastrous consequences for our planet.
00:31The probe has approached the sun seven times more than any previous mission.
00:35It has accomplished this feat during its 22nd passage near the star since its launch in 2018.
00:43Because of its colossal mass, the sun exerts a phenomenal gravity,
00:47comparable to the attraction of a huge magnet.
00:50As it orbits around the sun, the probe exploits gravity to gradually increase its speed
00:56and reach vertiginous peaks.
00:58When it ventured closer to the solar crown, the external layer of the atmosphere of the sun,
01:03it had to resist temperatures nearing 1,400 degrees Celsius,
01:08enough to liquefy many metals.
01:10It was protected from this extreme heat and solar radiation
01:14by a carbon shield 11 cm thick,
01:17thus guaranteeing the proper functioning of its instruments,
01:21maintained at a temperature close to that of an ordinary room.
01:24The researchers have made considerable efforts
01:27in the hope of elucidating a scientific riddle that has intrigued them for a long time.
01:31The surface of the sun is already burning, but as it moves away from the solar crown,
01:36the temperature climbs inexplicably up to several million degrees.
01:40This thermal paradox, which defies logic,
01:42could finally find an explanation thanks to the data collected by the mission.
01:46It also aims to deepen our understanding of solar wind.
01:51The sun constantly emits energetic particles and is charged in space,
01:55forming a continuous flow similar to an electromagnetic breeze.
01:59When this wind reaches the Earth, it generates spectacular polar auroras.
02:04The more intense the solar activity is,
02:06the more these luminous phenomena are visible far south.
02:09Our star follows natural cycles of about 11 years,
02:13which directly influence its celestial manifestations.
02:16This activity also occurs between phases of low and high intensity.
02:20Currently, we are in a period of maximum solar,
02:24the culminating point of this cycle.
02:26This is why, in 2024, spectacular auroras have been observed in unusual regions.
02:32However, this intensification can cause ejections of charged particles
02:36and energy likely to disrupt infrastructures such as radio systems,
02:41satellites and even GPS.
02:44This phenomenon represents a danger for astronauts,
02:46who are much more exposed than us, who benefit from terrestrial protection.
02:50Humans would not directly perceive the deformation of the electromagnetic field of the planet
02:55caused by this radiation, but electrical networks are extremely vulnerable to it.
03:00In the absence of rapid reaction, this influx of energy
03:02risks saturating electric transformers worldwide, causing widespread breakdowns.
03:08Such a disturbance occurring during a natural disaster,
03:11such as a hurricane or a tornado,
03:13could seriously complicate rescue operations by making communications even more difficult
03:18and by compromising efforts to save lives.
03:21This is why it is essential to perfect our ability to anticipate these phenomena,
03:26called space weather.
03:28This task is slow, because unlike earthquakes, floods or volcanic eruptions,
03:34these solar storms leave no material trace.
03:37The only ones we have a real knowledge of date back to 1859 and 1921.
03:43The first, known as the Carrington Event,
03:47was of such intensity that it caused sparks on the telegraphic lines.
03:51The auroras were observable up to latitudes close to the equator.
03:56At that time, scientists used a photosensitive paper to record solar activity.
04:02During this event, the readings literally exceeded the limits of measuring instruments.
04:07The extent of the phenomenon is still misunderstood today.
04:10The May 1921 geomagnetic storm, on the other hand,
04:14caused significant disturbances,
04:16putting off-duty telegraphic networks in the United States,
04:19Europe and even the Southern Hemisphere.
04:22Paradoxically, this storm temporarily amplified the range of radio transmissions,
04:26allowing them to travel well beyond their usual range.
04:30At the time, the low number of radios limited the interest of this phenomenon.
04:34The real problem was the extent of the damage suffered by the American electrical grid.
04:39In 1859 and 1921, technology did not occupy such a central place in everyday life as it does today.
04:46If a storm of this magnitude occurred at our time,
04:49the consequences could be infinitely more disastrous.
04:52New Zealand researchers specializing in space meteorology
04:56are developing simulations to anticipate and mitigate these risks.
05:00One of the approaches considered is to study other stars similar to the Sun in space.
05:05The analysis of data from thousands of stars, and not just one,
05:09would allow a more precise picture of the phenomena at stake.
05:13So far, several missions have been launched or are in preparation,
05:17in addition to the Parker Solar Probe,
05:20the Satellite GOES-19 2024,
05:23the Solar Orbiter of the ESA 2020,
05:25and the Satellite Space Wither Follow-On 2025.
05:29At the same time, NASA is pursuing another project,
05:32the deployment of Endurance, a robotic lunar vehicle with decoupled power.
05:37Its main mission will consist of collecting samples from strategic sites
05:42that the astronauts of the Artemis program will later recover.
05:47The samples will be spread over the largest impact basin on the Moon,
05:51the Pole-South-Haitken Basin, which spans nearly 1,900 km.
05:56The dispersion of the sampling sites, separated by hundreds of kilometers,
06:00requires Endurance to be much more advanced than Perseverance,
06:03NASA's most sophisticated rover.
06:06Endurance will have to travel a distance 100 times higher,
06:09drive 10 times faster,
06:11and collect a mass of samples 200 times larger.
06:14It will also be the first planetary rover capable of operating at night.
06:18Placed on the hidden side of the Moon,
06:20where communications with Earth and surface data will be limited,
06:24it will have to navigate autonomously between the different sampling sites
06:28and make its own decisions in a hostile environment.
06:31Once reached its destination,
06:33it will adopt a more conventional approach for the execution of its tasks.
06:37Earth-based scientists will play an active role
06:40by directing the rover in the exploration of sites and collecting samples.
06:44They will also ensure a constant monitoring of its performance
06:47by analyzing its telemetry,
06:49i.e. the data it transmits,
06:51including its state of operation.
06:53In case of wear detected on a component or a malfunction,
06:56they will adjust the operations
06:58to ensure the successful mission.
07:01This project will require colossal investments,
07:04probably well over $450 million
07:07already swallowed up by the lunar mission VEPR
07:10before its cancellation by NASA.
07:12While Endurance is still in the design phase,
07:15the Blue Ghost lunar landing module is already on its way to the Moon.
07:19Its main mission is research.
07:22For 25 days, it will evolve in Earth orbit
07:25to take measurements and guess the right time to propel itself to the Moon.
07:29After 4 days of transit,
07:31it will be placed in lunar orbit for a period of 16 days,
07:35during which it will collect new data.
07:37It will then descend into one of the largest lunar basins,
07:40Mar Crisium,
07:42where it will remain a lunar day,
07:44i.e. 14 terrestrial days.
07:46These instruments will measure the temperatures of the subsurface,
07:49radiation levels and other essential parameters.
07:52At the end of the mission,
07:54Blue Ghost will capture images of the lunar sunset.
07:57Designed without the ability to return to Earth,
08:00it will accomplish a few final tasks
08:02before finally extinguishing itself at nightfall.
08:05As part of another ambitious space project,
08:08NASA has selected a team of aerospace engineers
08:12from the University of Florida
08:14to lead the GRATIS program,
08:16Gravitational Reference Advanced Technology Test in Space.
08:21This project, with a budget of $12 million,
08:24aims to improve tracking of tectonic plates and terrestrial oceans
08:29thanks to space observations.
08:31GRATIS will be equipped with ultra-high-performance sensors
08:34capable of detecting the slightest gravitational variations
08:37at the nanometric scale,
08:39or a billionth of a meter.
08:41These data will allow to refine dryness monitoring,
08:44to assess subsurface water reserves
08:46and to analyze fluctuations in ocean levels.
08:49The launch is scheduled for around 2027,
08:51aboard a rocket, SpaceX Falcon 9.