(Adnkronos) - Oggi nel mondo ne esistono almeno 10.000 varietà, ma la mela, simbolo di conoscenza, di tentazione, di coraggio e persino di rivoluzione scientifica, è molto più di un semplice frutto. "Da Adamo ed Eva a Newton, da Guglielmo Tell a Steve Jobs, ha attraversato leggende e scoperte, accompagnando la storia dell’uomo sul piano alimentare, ma anche religioso, mitologico, culturale. Originaria dell’Asia centrale, la mela era già coltivata dagli antichi Egizi, ammirata dai Greci e lodata dai Romani per le sue proprietà salutari. Ed era tanto ambita e tanto amata da essere frequentemente rappresentata anche nei mosaici pavimentali. Nel De Agri Cultura, Catone il Censore (234-149 a.C.) menziona la mela tra i frutti coltivati nei campi romani, con ciò evidenziandone l’antico apprezzamento. I Romani, infatti, coltivavano diverse varietà di mele sia per il consumo fresco che per la produzione di sidro. In verità, la mela veniva anche consumata cotta, dolcificata con miele o con melassa". Nell’odierna puntata de 'Il Gusto della Salute', l’immunologo Mauro Minelli, docente di Nutrizione umana e nutraceutica alla LUM, approfondisce le straordinarie proprietà nutrizionali della mela, i suoi benefici per la salute e le possibili controindicazioni Dunque, la mela non era solo un frutto comune, ma parte integrante dell’alimentazione e dell’economia agricola romana. "Nel Medioevo, la mela divenne simbolo di conoscenza e saggezza e oggi è uno dei frutti più consumati al mondo, oltre che per la sua ampia disponibilità, garantita soprattutto dalle produzioni europee, anche per la sua palatabilità e per le sue notevoli proprietà salutistiche. Grazie ai suoi valori nutrizionali, la mela può essere una straordinaria alleata della dieta di tutti, dal bambino all’anziano e agli sportivi, nel contesto di un’alimentazione sana ed equilibrata", prosegue l'immunologo. Considerando un frutto di medie dimensioni, consumato non sbucciato, "le kilocalorie totali vanno da 55 a 75, a seconda della varietà, con un contenuto di acqua che è intorno ai 125 grammi. Soprattutto se consumata con la buccia, la mela contiene polifenoli e flavonoidi come la quercetina e acidi organici come il malico e il citrico. Un lungo lavoro di selezione e di miglioramento genetico, ha portato alla nascita di tantissime varietà di mele. Diverse organizzazioni si dedicano a catalogarle, registrandone origine, caratteristiche genetiche e metodi di coltivazione. E ci sono differenze molteplici e anche sostanziali tra mele rosse, verdi e gialle. Quelle verdi, per esempio Granny Smith, hanno un sapore acidulo e fresco; sono meno zuccherine rispetto ad altre varietà, una consistenza croccante e compatta e sono ottime per chi segue una dieta ipocalorica e per i diabetici avendo un più basso indice glicemico. Le mele rosse (ad esempio Red Delicious), hanno un sapore dolce e aromatico, sono più zuccherine rispetto alle verdi, una bassa acidità, polpa morbida e succosa e sono ricche di antiossidanti, particolarmente nella buccia. Le mele gialle (esempio Golden Delicious), di consistenza croccante ma più morbida delle verdi, sono più equilibrate in dolcezza e acidità, ideali per mangiare crude o per preparazioni in cucina".
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00:00From Adam and Eve to Steve Jobs, passing through Isaac Newton and Guglielmo Telli,
00:05crossing legends and discoveries, this fruit, of which more than 10,000 varieties are known today,
00:12has accompanied the history of man, not only on the food plane,
00:16but also on the religious, mythological, cultural and scientific one.
00:20This is the 105th episode of The Taste of Health,
00:24a video series dedicated to the story of what feeds us every day,
00:28nourishes us, supports us, and the theme of the day is the apple,
00:32symbol of knowledge, transgression, even of scientific revolution.
00:38Starting from its history, we learn to know it to use it with increased awareness.
00:55If we talk about the apple, we talk about the fruit par excellence.
00:59Not for nothing, the apple was present in the earthly paradise,
01:04the story of Genesis tells us about this fruit,
01:08which, probably also because of its round shape,
01:12recalled the idea of perfection and eternity,
01:16prerogatives worthy of God.
01:19And so, for this reason, man could not aspire, with an act of pride,
01:25to eat what is then, in literature, passed as the forbidden fruit.
01:32It is well known the proverb,
01:34an apple a day takes the doctor out of the way,
01:37and in fact, as far as the diet of athletes is concerned,
01:41the apple can not and should never be missing.
01:45As far as production is concerned, on the economic level,
01:50the largest and most important agricultural consortia in Italy
01:55are consortia that produce and distribute apples.
01:59Let's think, for example, of the cooperatives of the Trentino Alto Adige,
02:04which are absolute realities, protagonists on a global scale.
02:10What else to say about the apple?
02:11Well, the great apple is the nickname of New York,
02:16the largest, most important and most famous city in America.
02:26If we consider a fruit of medium size, not peeled,
02:30the apple brings from 55 to 75 kcal, depending on the variety.
02:35It has a high water content, about 125 grams per 100 grams of product,
02:40and is mainly made up of carbohydrates,
02:43about 15-20 grams of soluble sugars,
02:46of which, in prevalence, we find fructose.
02:49In addition, fats and proteins are present in the amount of about half a gram,
02:54but the percentages of vitamins are very high,
02:58in particular vitamin C, but also vitamin B1, vitamin B2, vitamin B6,
03:03with small amounts of vitamin K and vitamin E.
03:07The apple, especially if consumed with the peel,
03:10contains many polyphenols, many flavonoids and many organic acids,
03:14such as malic acid and citric acid.
03:16But how to best preserve the apple
03:19so that you can fully enjoy its nutritional values?
03:22Certainly by keeping it in a cool environment,
03:24rather than at room temperature, so around 1 or 4 degrees,
03:28and it is also good to keep the apples away from the rest of the other fruits,
03:31as they can release ethylene, which is a gas
03:34that accelerates the ripening of other fruits, such as pears and bananas.
03:39Another way to consume the apple is to dry it,
03:43or to make composts, jams,
03:46in such a way as to insert it into sweets,
03:48perhaps by lowering the sugar content,
03:51or to use it as an afternoon or morning snack.
03:56In the vast world of fresh fruit,
03:59the apple represents one of the most out-of-season fruits,
04:03which can be found practically all year round,
04:06and is also present in the market in the form of dried slices,
04:11juices or jams.
04:13Today, of course, the apple is one of the most consumed fruits in the world,
04:17first of all because of its high nutritional value,
04:21but also because of its palatability,
04:24and because of its low-calorie and high-biological content.
04:28But now let's see in detail
04:31what are the main peculiarities of this fruit.
04:38In adequate quantities,
04:40the apple can be stored in the refrigerator for up to a week,
04:43and can be stored in the refrigerator for up to a week,
04:46and can be stored in the refrigerator for up to a week,
04:49In adequate quantities,
04:51this fruit can also be consumed by diabetics,
04:54because the pectin contained in the apple,
04:57especially in the Renetta variety,
05:00helps to keep the hematic levels of glucose under control,
05:04slowing down the intestinal absorption.
05:07Another profitable and useful apple variety for diabetics
05:11is the one called Granny Schmidt,
05:14recognizable for its bright green color
05:18and for its acidulous and refreshing taste.
05:25The same pectin already mentioned above
05:28also works as a prebiotic,
05:30helping the growth of good bacteria in the intestine.
05:38The amount of vitamins that the apple can provide is important.
05:42Among these, I especially remember vitamin B1,
05:45which contrasts fatigue,
05:47which also contrasts indigestion,
05:49and vitamin B2,
05:51which instead helps digestive processes
05:54and, among other things, protects the mucous membranes.
06:00The apple is also rich in antioxidants.
06:02I remember among these the vitamin C,
06:04the polyphenols,
06:05the same pectin already mentioned above,
06:08contained fundamentally in the peel of the apple,
06:12which fermentation produces and provides
06:15a very useful substance to our body.
06:18It is called butyric acid,
06:20which is also produced by the good bacteria in the intestine,
06:23which acts as an anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor agent.
06:27Another substance provided by the apple is quercetin,
06:30which, among other things,
06:32can counteract the evolution of neurodegenerative diseases,
06:36such as Alzheimer's disease.
06:42High is the content of fiber present in the apple,
06:45fibers that, in some ways,
06:47are particularly useful
06:49for the health of the cardiovascular system,
06:52as they contribute to maintaining under control
06:55the hematic levels of cholesterol,
06:57especially LDL,
06:59that is, bad cholesterol.
07:01However, I remember that fibers
07:03are not really suitable
07:05for people who should suffer from SIBO
07:08or any digestive problems,
07:10as they represent the ideal food
07:13for fermenting bacteria,
07:15so in these cases it will be better
07:18to prefer the fresh apple,
07:21the cooked apple, or in any case in puree.
07:28Composed of more than 80% water,
07:31the apple, which has only 50-80 kcal per fruit,
07:35is ideal for hydration.
07:41Chewing an apple stimulates the production of saliva,
07:45thus reducing the risk of caries.
07:51Those who are allergic to certain pollen,
07:54such as that of betula,
07:56yontano or hazelnut,
07:58could develop an allergic reaction
08:00by eating a raw apple.
08:02This is because some antigenic determinants
08:05present in those pollen
08:07are also present in the apple.
08:09This reaction,
08:11commonly referred to as
08:13oral allergic syndrome,
08:15is fundamentally represented
08:17by pruritus or swelling
08:19inside the mouth or throat,
08:21but it is a reaction
08:23that generally tends to fade
08:25gradually and spontaneously.
08:32The seeds of the apple contain a substance
08:35called amygdalin,
08:37which in turn can release
08:39very small amounts of cyanide.
08:41Although the occasional consumption
08:43is not at all dangerous,
08:45it will still be worth paying attention to.
08:47It should also be said that apples
08:49are among the fruits most treated
08:51with pesticides,
08:53so it will always be the case
08:55and it will always be preferable
08:57to use organic products
08:59and wash them carefully.
09:04Apples contain,
09:06as we have already said, flavonoids,
09:08which, although very useful
09:10for human health,
09:12can sometimes interfere
09:14with the pharmacological action
09:16of some drugs.
09:18Remember, among these,
09:20some drugs for blood pressure
09:22and drugs for diabetes.
09:24It will therefore be the case
09:26to be careful.
09:36Thank you for watching!