Le fait le plus important de l'histoire était un mensonge

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Crédits : Tablette en argile : Par Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=95969389 Tablette de l'histoire sumérienne du déluge : Par Onceinawhile, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=132214010 Code d'Hammurabi : Par Onceinawhile, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=124146399 Réplique du Code d'Hammurabi : Par shakko, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=84526548 CodeDeHammurabiLouvre2 : Par Claude Valette, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43716842 Amenophis III : Par Kergeo, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=48869547 Compte-rendu sommaire : Par Osama Shukir Muhammed Amin FRCP(Glasg), https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=122870181 Liste des Rois Sumériens : Par Gts-tg, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=57141514 Tombe de Menna : Par Ovedc, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=63425295 Stupa bouddhiste : Par Aakashaliraza, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=51423343 Moenjodaro : Par Nadzir81, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=62928833 Aitareya Upanishad : Par Ms Sarah Welch, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73852549 Exemple de Vajrasuchi Upanishad i : Par Ms Sarah Welch, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=73852557 Mémorial de Mandukya rishi : Par Ms Sarah Welch, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=98836152 CC BY-SA 2.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/2.0 : Code d'Hammurabi 80 : Par Cj Jimenez - https://flic.kr/p/9far8r, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43804169 Code d'Hammurabi 13 : Par Emily Louise, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43672275 Code d'Hammurabi 16 : Par Paolo Santilli - https://flic.kr/p/fbxuVv, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43672987 Code d'Hammurabi 58 : Par Dmitriy Karfagenskiy - https://flic.kr/p/eKkoKb, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=43762408 CC BY 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0 : R.F. Harper, Le code d'Hammurabi Roi de Babylone : Par Wellcome Images - https://wellcomecollection.org/works/rf4x4k6n, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=35969103 MS Indic 37 : Par Wellcome Images - https://wellcomecollection.org/works/q3ejsjwy, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36016141 Balagopalastuti de Bilvamangala : Par Wellcome Images - https://wellcomecollection.org/works/qez8cfyf, https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/index.php?curid=36060077  Animation créée par Sympa. ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Musique par Epidemic Sound https://www.epidemicsound.com   Pour ne rien perdre de Sympa, abonnez-vous!: https://goo.gl/6E4Xna​ ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Nos réseaux sociaux : Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/sympasympacom/ Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/sympa.officiel/  Stock de fichiers (photos, vidéos et autres): https://www.depositphotos.com https://www.shutterstock.com https://www.eastnews.ru ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------  Si tu en veux encore plus, fais un tour ici:  http://sympa-sympa.com

Transcript

00:00Imagine that you have been chosen to answer one of the most important questions in history.

00:05What was the first civilization on earth?

00:08The description of the post is simple, but the task is extremely difficult.

00:12You have to dig up the evidence of the first official civilization in the world.

00:16Were it the Sumerians in ancient Mesopotamia?

00:19Or were it the ancient Egyptians spread along the Nile?

00:23Without wanting to put pressure on you, history is literally in your hands.

00:27Good luck!

00:29Since you can not go back in time and visit ancient Mesopotamia to get the answers to your questions,

00:35you will have to search in the database of museums to get some clues.

00:39First of all, we need a definition of what is considered a civilization.

00:44It is not just thousands of people grouped together and living harmoniously.

00:49There are some key elements that together make a group of people a civilization.

00:54Such as, for example, the field of urbanism, in other words, the construction of cities, irrigation systems and writing.

01:02You decide to start your research by delving deeply into the history of the Sumerians,

01:06which today occupies the position of the first civilization in the world.

01:10Now, imagine being the first of your kind.

01:13This means not having external examples.

01:16It means rather starting from scratch.

01:18First thing you will need, a lump of earth.

01:21And since there was no company of active waters at that time,

01:24you will need a land with easy access to water.

01:29So, the Sumerians settled between two great rivers called the Euphrates and the Tigris,

01:35in the south of Mesopotamia around 5000 BC.

01:38Fun fact, Mesopotamia translates as the land between two rivers.

01:43On a modern map, this is about where Iraq is today.

01:49In addition to the land, a civilization needs means to obtain food.

01:53The Sumerian civilization had to face a dry and hot climate,

01:57but they managed to make agriculture prosper in the region.

02:01By diverting the waters of the rivers and creating reservoirs and dams,

02:05the Sumerians allowed a series of colonies to emerge through the plains of Mesopotamia.

02:10The famous city of Babylon was one of them.

02:13You know, the city that would have had its gardens suspended?

02:16I say supposedly because no definitive proof of the real existence of this monument has been found.

02:22However, it was considered one of the seven wonders of the ancient world

02:27and cited as a remarkable feat of engineering in an ancient book published around 290 BC.

02:35Although no trace of the gardens of Babylon had been found,

02:38the Sumerians were recognized as extremely skilled builders.

02:42Their cities were filled with brick buildings,

02:45and the most impressive were known as ziggurats,

02:49high-degree pyramids built for spiritual purposes.

02:52The Sumerians built a commercial network to supply the rare resources

02:56and began to exchange goods with emerging civilizations nearby, such as Anatolia and Egypt.

03:03The beginning of trade led the Sumerians to develop what is believed to be the first writing system in the world.

03:09It began as a simple system, probably dating from 3400 BC.

03:14In this system, each syllable was represented by a drawing.

03:18Subsequently, it gradually evolved into a fully developed cursive writing system.

03:23Don't you believe me? Take a look at this piece from the Babylonian era.

03:28This huge basalt plate is called the Code of Hammurabi.

03:32It is recognized as the first written law collection of humanity.

03:36According to history, it was engraved in volcanic stone around 1760 BC.

03:43Look at the precision of these engravings, it's pretty amazing.

03:47But the content is also surprising,

03:50since these 282 rules vary from commercial regulations to strict laws of justice.

03:56The fact is that historians have no consensus on the question of whether the Sumerians

04:02were really the first to invent writing.

04:05Some think they could be ancient Egyptians.

04:08Let's stop here.

04:10It is thought that the establishments of Ancient Egypt began around 5500 BC,

04:15which is earlier than the Sumerian civilization.

04:18But remember that I said that a civilization needed a few elements before being considered as such.

04:24Ancient Egypt was made up of several small state cities,

04:28such as Memphis, Abydos, and Thebes, scattered along the Nile River.

04:33It was only in 3000 BC that Egypt was unified under one kingdom

04:37and lasted like an empire until nearly 1000 BC.

04:41Although there is no consensus on this subject,

04:44some experts in Egyptology estimate that it could be Sumerian immigrants

04:50who founded the first Egyptian establishments.

04:53The proof could be the presence of cylindrical stones,

04:57an object widely used in Sumer.

05:00These stones were used to guarantee the authenticity of legal transactions.

05:04But it is difficult to determine whether this method was introduced by Sumerian immigrants

05:09or simply by commerce.

05:11Since the period of time is not one of the criteria that we can use

05:15to determine who came first, we will have to turn to something else.

05:19But what?

05:20Like the Sumerians, the Egyptians were also highly qualified builders.

05:25Of course, they built the famous pyramids of Gizesh and many others across their territory.

05:30To improve their construction techniques,

05:33they immersed themselves in the development of a more in-depth understanding of mathematics.

05:37They developed a new form of measurement, called the cubit,

05:41which was the equivalent of the length of an arm.

05:43The Great Pyramid, for example, measures 440 cubits by 440 cubits.

05:50They were also innovative astronomers,

05:53combining their mathematical skills with an attentive astronomical observation.

05:58They were the first civilization to use a division of the day in 24 hours.

06:02And they even created a solar calendar,

06:05which was the first dating system in history to contain 365 days in a year.

06:11Okay, it is undeniable how impressive they were.

06:14But some experts say that the difference must be adjusted by comparing their writing systems.

06:20Hieroglyphic writing, the first Egyptian style of writing, dates back to 3000 BC.

06:26It was a composition of more than 700 symbols engraved in stone.

06:32For a long time, researchers have believed that Sumerian writing was prior to Egyptian writing.

06:37But a recent discovery made by researchers at Yale claims otherwise.

06:42Archaeologists have discovered a panel of four signs that would have been written around 3250 BC.

06:51Oh, and they also found another drawing on rock representing a pregnant elephant

06:56that could date back to 4000 BC.

07:00Now, there is also a third possibility that fewer people seem to mention.

07:05The civilization of the Indus Valley, also known as Ancient India.

07:10Located around the region of present-day Pakistan and India,

07:13the civilization of the Indus Valley is also a claimant to the title of oldest civilization

07:18due to the uncertain historical origin of the collection of Hindu texts known as Upanishads.

07:25The civilization of the Indus Valley flourished around 3000 BC.

07:30But the archives show that the inhabitants of the Indus Valley

07:33traded with the Mesopotamians from 3500 BC.

07:37Wait a minute, how is this possible?

07:40No, they were not temporary travelers.

07:43This is not a science fiction movie.

07:45There were already agricultural establishments in the region

07:48that were slowly developing into large cities such as Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro.

07:52The ancient Indian cities were sophisticated,

07:55filled with houses made of baked bricks built according to a grid system.

07:59These ancient cities even had drainage and sewage systems

08:04that connected most houses and used gravity to evacuate waste out of the city.

08:09They were really advanced.

08:11They were also an extremely religious civilization

08:14and Hindu beliefs were at the heart of their practice.

08:17Despite this, their cities were not filled with spiritual buildings.

08:20In fact, the most important building of Mohenjo-Daro was a public bath.

08:25Interesting, isn't it?

08:27Now, why can't we know if they are the oldest civilization on earth?

08:32Even if some historians suspect that the origins of the inhabitants of the Indus Valley

08:36can date back to 5000 BC,

08:39there is no concrete proof of this, only speculations.

08:42The best proof we have is the Upanishads.

08:45The Upanishads are texts filled with philosophy, mantras and ceremonies.

08:49The fact is that part of the Hindu practices

08:52consisted of memorizing and transmitting the wisdom of the Upanishads in oral form.

08:57Thus, it took some time before they appeared in written form.

09:01Well, I would say that historians are not really sure of what was the first civilization in the world.

09:06We can only guess at this stage.

09:08But who knows what new discoveries could reveal?

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