Todo lo que creías saber sobre los dinosaurios es un error! En las últimas décadas, ha habido una revolución en la forma en que los científicos ven a los dinosaurios. Los acontecimientos recientes en el estudio de la cultura de los dinosaurios revelan que son mucho más activos, complejos y coloridos de lo que nos imaginabamos, más parecidos a pájaros que a reptiles lentos. Este episodio pone de relieve los nuevos descubrimientos que arrojan luz sobre la evolución de los primeros dinosaurios, como el diminuto Eoraptor a los dinosaurios con cresta de Parque Jurásico o los carnívoros gigantes como el Tyrannosaurus Rex. Veremos los rituales de apareamiento del Eoraptor y una batalla entre dos Cryolophosaurus con cresta en los bosques del Jurásico Antártico. Seremos testigos de las adaptaciones especiales del Gigantoraptor, un dinosaurio parecido a un pavo de 17 pies de altura con plumas de colores brillantes y como el enorme reptil marino el Mosasaurus lucha frente a una manada de tiburones voraces para proteger a su descendencia.
Category
😹
FunTranscript
00:00250,000,000 years ago, before the era of dinosaurs.
00:30It is not a reptile, nor a dinosaur.
00:40It is a primitive family of mammals.
00:43The Inostrancebia.
01:01The Inostrancebia.
01:09The Inostrancebia.
01:30The Inostrancebia.
01:49The Great Mortandà.
01:51The mass extinction of the Permian.
02:00The most catastrophic extinction in the history of the planet.
02:07Those who now die, mark the beginning of a new era,
02:11with a new set of protagonists.
02:31THE KINGDOM OF DINOSAURS
02:35THE WINNERS OF EVOLUTION
02:41We live in a planet of dinosaurs.
02:44It is they, not us, who gave shape to the world we know.
02:48But most of what we knew about them is erroneous.
02:52Now, a scientific revolution has transformed its history,
02:56forcing us to analyze dinosaurs in new and revolutionary ways.
03:03Dinosaurs were more birds than giant lizards.
03:07They possibly fed their young,
03:11courted their partners,
03:14attacked their enemies in groups,
03:17and managed to come out triumphant for a long time.
03:21But in previous generations,
03:24almost everything we thought we knew about dinosaurs was erroneous.
03:29Before the dinosaur revolution,
03:32people referred to them as dead-end alleys of evolution or evolutionary errors.
03:37But now there is nothing further from the truth.
03:40Dinosaurs are among us in the form of birds.
03:43And if we count the species,
03:46the birds are more than double the mammals.
03:50When people talk about dinosaurs as evolutionary failures,
03:53it bothers me.
03:55There could be no worse example of evolutionary failure.
03:59How did the dinosaurs take over the planet?
04:03It could have been simply a matter of reproduction.
04:12The extinction of the Permian ends most of the earth's population.
04:17But 20 million years later, life resurfaces.
04:23Hordes of enormous proto-mammals, called dicinodonts,
04:26roam the earth.
04:33They outnumber primitive dinosaurs, such as the Eoraptor,
04:36in a 10 to 1 ratio.
04:47There is a more lethal opponent.
04:50The Sarcosuchus, a giant precursor of the current crocodile.
04:54The Sarcosuchus, a giant precursor of the current crocodile.
05:24The Sarcosuchus, a giant precursor of the current crocodile.
05:54Welcome to the Eoraptor version of a bar for singles.
06:24In this dance, the females take the initiative
06:28and perform the first dance of the Eoraptor.
06:32The dance is called the Chalupit dance,
06:35which is performed in an unusual way.
06:38The dance is called the Chalupit dance,
06:41which is performed in an unusual way.
06:44Chalupit dance is a dance of a single female.
06:47The first dance is a dance of two females.
06:50In this dance, the females are the ones who take the initiative.
07:20The inspection phase begins.
07:50As usual, the females are in charge of mating.
08:20The males are in charge of mating.
08:23The females are in charge of mating.
08:26The males are in charge of mating.
08:29The females are in charge of mating.
08:32The males are in charge of mating.
08:35The females are in charge of mating.
08:38The males are in charge of mating.
08:41The females are in charge of mating.
08:44The males are in charge of mating.
08:47The males are in charge of mating.
08:50The females are in charge of mating.
08:53The males are in charge of mating.
08:56The males are in charge of mating.
08:59The males are in charge of mating.
09:02The males are in charge of mating.
09:05The males are in charge of mating.
09:08The males are in charge of mating.
09:11The males are in charge of mating.
09:14The males are in charge of mating.
09:17The males are in charge of mating.
09:20The males are in charge of mating.
09:23The males are in charge of mating.
09:26The males are in charge of mating.
09:29The males are in charge of mating.
09:32The males are in charge of mating.
09:35The males are in charge of mating.
09:38The males are in charge of mating.
09:41The defeat of the protomammal is a victory for our lucky eoraptors.
09:51And their adventures have only just begun.
10:12The dinosaurs did not dominate the earth for 135 million years
10:16without employing certain innovative strategies
10:19to perpetuate the species.
10:22In the early 1980s we began to find more and more
10:25dinosaur nests and eggs.
10:28Now we can affirm with some certainty
10:31that they protected their young.
10:34It is possible that they cared for their young
10:37in a more sophisticated way than we thought.
10:41It is possible that the eoraptor,
10:44already at the end of the Triassic period,
10:47would show a greater commitment to parental care
10:50than we had seen until then.
10:53You are making sure or trying to make sure
10:56that your genes are perpetuated.
10:59Hence, parental care is a very adaptable strategy.
11:02It is a great advantage for the animals that practice it.
11:05But they cannot become parents without eggs.
11:08And eggs, both then and now,
11:11are very tempting targets for predators.
11:19The probelesodon, an ancestor of the first mammals
11:22similar to the gloton.
11:38Only one calf comes out of the nest.
12:09The first mammals
12:12were not born with eggs.
12:15They were not born with a mother.
12:18They were not born with a father.
12:21They were not born with a mother.
12:24They were not born with a father.
12:27They were not born with a mother.
12:30They were not born with a father.
12:33They were not born with a mother.
12:37They were not born with a father.
12:50Like some modern birds,
12:53not only the mothers but also the fathers
12:56could take care of the protection of the offspring.
13:36Oh
14:06Oh
14:36Oh
15:06Oh
15:36Oh
16:06Oh
16:37Oh
16:39Oh
16:41Oh
16:43Oh
16:45Oh
16:47Oh
16:49Oh
16:51Oh
16:53Oh
16:55Oh
16:57Oh
16:59Oh
17:01Oh
17:03Oh
17:05Oh
17:07Oh
17:09Oh
17:11Oh
17:13Oh
17:15Oh
17:17Oh
17:19Oh
17:21Oh
17:23Oh
17:25Oh
17:27Oh
17:29Oh
17:31Oh
17:33Oh
17:35Oh
17:37Oh
17:39Oh
17:41Oh
17:43Oh
17:45Oh
17:47Oh
17:49Oh
17:51Oh
17:53Oh
17:55Oh
17:57Oh
17:59Oh
18:01Oh
18:03Oh
18:05Oh
18:07Oh
18:09Oh
18:11Oh
18:13Oh
18:15Oh
18:17Oh
18:19Oh
18:21Oh
18:23Oh
18:25Oh
18:27Oh
18:29Oh
18:31Oh
18:33Oh
18:35Oh
18:37Oh
18:39Oh
18:41Oh
18:43Oh
18:45Oh
18:47Oh
18:49Oh
18:51Oh
18:53Oh
18:55Oh
18:57Oh
18:59Oh
19:01Oh
19:03Oh
19:05Oh
19:07Oh
19:09Oh
19:11Oh
19:13Oh
19:15Oh
19:17Oh
19:19Oh
19:21Oh
19:23Oh
19:25Oh
19:41Oh
19:43Oh
19:45Oh
19:47Oh
19:49Oh
19:51Oh
20:21Oh
20:51Oh
20:57Recuento Falta Uno
21:21Ah
21:24Los dinosaurios no son los únicos que cuidan de los suyos
21:31Pero el giganto raptor necesita encontrar una pareja antes de poder pensar siquiera en una familia
21:51La revolución de los dinosaurios ha llevado a la ciencia a conclusiones nuevas y sorprendentes sobre cómo vivían. Muchos hallazgos significativos proceden de lugares totalmente inesperados.
22:07En mi opinión lo más emocionante de la paleontología es que aún tenemos mucho mundo por explorar. La Antártida es en muchos sentidos la frontera final en cuanto a paleontología.
22:23El hielo de la Antártida ha dejado al descubierto nuevos hallazgos de fósiles.
22:30Entre ellos está uno de los dinosaurios carnívoros más primitivos. Una criatura extraña de principios del jurásico, el criolofosaurus.
22:39Es imposible que el criolofosaurus no te encante. No se le apodó el visaurus por nada. Tiene una preciosa cresta hacia adelante y es un animal con un aspecto fascinante.
22:50La pregunta es ¿para qué sirve semejante cresta? Si su tamaño estaba relacionado con la salud del animal podría haber sido una forma de decir soy un criolofosaurus excepcional, te gustarán mis genes.
23:10Una hembra de criolofosaurus inspecciona los huevos.
23:19El macho la ayuda o lo intenta.
23:49Aparece otro macho. Es más alto, posee una cresta más grande y se aprovecha de la situación.
24:19El color puede atraer a una posible pareja.
24:47Pero también puede aterrorizar a un rival.
25:48El criolofosauros no es un animal.
25:50Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
25:52Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
25:54Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
25:56Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
25:58Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:00Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:02Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:04Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:06Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:08Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:10Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:12Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:14Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:16Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:18Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:20Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:22Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:24Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:26Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:28Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:30Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:32Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:34Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:36Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:38Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:40Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:42Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:44Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:46Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:48Es un animal que vive en la tierra.
26:50Toda la obra de un linaje anterior no se puede ver de nuevo.
26:51Todos los vestigios de un linaje anterior
26:53deben ser eliminados.
26:55deben ser eliminados.
26:58Es un parมา
26:59Es un so
27:03Es un par MAX
27:05Es un parfeeding
27:07Es un par feeding
27:09Es un par buildo
27:41Even today, there is no reaffirmation of more discarded power than eliminating the prole of the opponent.
27:52It is the law of the jungle.
27:55In the animal kingdom, it is common to see males competing against each other for access to females.
28:03So, the animals will risk everything to make sure their genes are transmitted to the next generation.
28:10The new lion's first task is to kill the descendants of his predecessor.
28:15That sounds cruel.
28:17It is cruel, but it also has a lot of evolutionary meaning.
28:21Kill those puppies and use your own camouflage with the females.
28:27And then you can take care of your own descendants.
28:31Because that's what it is to succeed in evolution.
28:34Sometimes, the details hidden inside the bones reveal the secret of the evolutionary triumph of a species.
28:45This fossil is the proof of a prehistoric battle.
28:51A tooth from one of the largest predators that have swum in the seas of the earth.
28:57The mosasaurus, 14 meters long.
29:01It is not a dinosaur, but a marine reptile.
29:04A mosasaurus had more than 70 of these lethal teeth.
29:09And he knew how to use them.
29:13But in this tooth we see the mark of a bite.
29:16Something tried to kill the killer.
29:19And the shape of this mark proves it.
29:23This mosasaurus tooth was bitten by a shark.
29:27But what would lead a shark to bite a huge mosasaurus?
29:3975 million years ago, at the end of the Cretaceous.
29:44An enormous interior sea covered what are now the vast plains of western North America.
29:58While the dinosaurs controlled the continent.
30:02Some reptiles like the mosasaurus had returned to the sea.
30:07But unlike most reptiles.
30:11The mosasaurus gave birth to live offspring far from the coast.
30:16And from the attacks of terrestrial predators.
30:22In the middle of the Cretaceous.
30:26A great number of reptiles were born.
30:30And the most of them, the mosasaurus.
30:34And the mosasaurus.
30:37And the mosasaurus.
30:40And the mosasaurus.
30:43And the mosasaurus.
30:46And the mosasaurus.
30:49And the mosasaurus.
30:52And the mosasaurus.
30:55And the mosasaurus.
30:58And the mosasaurus.
31:01And the mosasaurus.
31:14Another winner of evolution.
31:17And now, an assassin.
32:17And now, an assassin.
32:48A Mosasaurus weighs 10 tons.
32:53It can swim at speeds of up to 50 km per hour.
32:58And it is very deadly.
33:18A Mosasaurus weighs 10 tons.
33:22It can swim at speeds of up to 50 km per hour.
33:26And it is very deadly.
33:47A Mosasaurus weighs 10 tons.
33:51It can swim at speeds of up to 50 km per hour.
33:55And it is very deadly.
33:59A Mosasaurus weighs 10 tons.
34:03It can swim at speeds of up to 50 km per hour.
34:07And it is very deadly.
34:11A Mosasaurus weighs 10 tons.
34:14And it is very deadly.
34:18A Mosasaurus weighs 10 tons.
34:22It can swim at speeds of up to 50 km per hour.
34:26And it is very deadly.
34:30A Mosasaurus weighs 10 tons.
34:34It can swim at speeds of up to 50 km per hour.
34:38And it is very deadly.
34:41A Mosasaurus weighs 10 tons.
34:45It can swim at speeds of up to 50 km per hour.
34:49We talk about the Mesozoic as the era of dinosaurs.
34:53But it is more than that.
34:56Because there were other groups that also prospered.
34:59For example, the sky was covered by pterosaurs,
35:02the flying cousins of dinosaurs.
35:05In the sea, we saw many types of marine reptiles.
35:08One of the most imposing and the last to appear on stage
35:12was a very prosperous group, the Mosasaurus.
35:16The Mosasaurus was erected as the greatest predator of the sea.
35:21If you were a Mosasaurus, you were at the top of the food chain
35:25and nothing interfered with you, so you were still there.
35:29They had jaws that moved, two rows of teeth,
35:32and anything that crossed their path, they lost.
35:35The closest living relatives of the Mosasaurus are the varanids.
35:40That includes species like the Komodo dragon.
35:44One of the differences between them is that the varanids lay eggs,
35:49but the Mosasaurus was viviparous.
35:52The Mosasaurus gave birth, and we know this fact
35:55thanks to the South Dakota specimen,
35:58where they found a huge Mosasaurus with a tongue inside.
36:01It was giving birth.
36:02By giving birth in the water,
36:05it could choose a place where there weren't so many predators around
36:09and thus increase the chances that the little ones would survive.
36:12When the Mosasaurus gave birth, the female would be in danger.
36:17There would undoubtedly be blood,
36:20and I think that would attract some predators to the area.
36:24If they were big sharks like the Squalicorax or the Cretoxyrhina,
36:29I don't know how many possibilities they would have.
36:32But the Mosasaurus were winners.
36:35They were successful in their time.
36:37Their success was given by being able to give birth in the water.
36:41And in the end, that's the only way you can measure evolutionary success.
36:46To win, you have to reproduce.
36:48At the beginning of the Jurassic,
36:51dinosaurs had become the dominant creatures of the planet.
36:55Partly due to the success of their mating strategies.
36:59It is possible that they lived in families and raised their offspring.
37:03And for many kinds of dinosaurs,
37:06that family could even be a family of dinosaurs.
37:10But it is not possible.
37:12Some lived in huge herds of dozens, possibly hundreds of specimens.
37:17Some lived in smaller groups, known as harenes,
37:21where a male controlled a group of females.
37:24Those who were in herds would be safe in number.
37:28But for those who stayed out, it was a dangerous world.
37:32The Mosasaurus was the first of its kind.
37:35It was the first of its kind.
37:38It was the first of its kind.
37:40It was dangerous.
37:45Even in a world of giants, there were hidden dangers.
38:40A herd of Glacialisaurus, ancestors of the giant auropods.
38:44The neck, similar to that of a giraffe,
38:47is perfect for reaching the highest branches and the sweet resin.
38:51But it is not enough.
38:54It is not enough.
38:57It is not enough.
39:00It is not enough.
39:03It is not enough.
39:06It is not enough.
39:08It is not enough.
39:10It is not enough.
39:29A male tries to attract one of the females of the herd.
39:38But the male of the harem chases him.
40:02Without his own herd, this male becomes an object.
40:06Before, we already knew this cryolophosaurus.
40:37Now he wants to have dinner.
40:44And he is not alone.
42:06A mud bath does not seem appetizing, but it acts as an organic repellent against insects.
42:37A little bad luck can be of great help.
42:42And here is the new male of the harem.
42:46And here is the new male of the harem.
43:05The dinosaurs and the giant reptiles dominated the earth for 135 million years.
43:09They had to do something right.
43:16Dinosaurs are often put as an example of failure.
43:20To be like a dinosaur is to be dead, extinct.
43:24This is wrong, totally wrong, taking into account what we know today.
43:28The history of dinosaurs is not of ascent and fall.
43:32It is a story of triumphs that began 230 million years ago and continues today.
43:36Has the dinosaur revolution ended? Absolutely.
43:40There are all sorts of new paths here that open the dinosaur study.
43:44The biggest field of study is the one we have not yet thought of.