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00:00Britain's departure brought glee. Partition would bring horror.
00:09In British India, Muslims had lived as majorities in the north-west and north-east.
00:14These areas formed the basis for west and east Pakistan.
00:18The provinces of Bengal and Punjab had only small Muslim majorities,
00:23and were to be partitioned.
00:27In Punjab, this would leave the Muslims in Pakistan
00:30and Hindus and Sikhs in India.
00:33Many were frightened of being caught on the wrong side
00:36and had already left their homes.
00:38But on the night of independence,
00:40the new boundaries hadn't yet been announced.
00:45I think Mountbatten did really want a happy night.
00:49And there wasn't going to be a happy night
00:52if the boundary ward had been announced.
00:56This was going to lead, in the Punjab at least,
01:00to widespread disturbances.
01:03Probably nobody thought that there would be
01:07an entire, virtually 100% shift of populations
01:11between the east and the west Punjab.
01:14The night of the 14th of August
01:19had been a pitch battle in Lahore railway station
01:22with about 60 people killed.
01:25When the governor left on the early morning of the 15th hour,
01:31he looked down on the spoke of a flaming city.
01:37In Lahore, Muslims slaughtered non-Muslims.
01:43Across the new border, in Amritsar,
01:45Sikhs and Hindus killed all the Muslims they could find.
01:58You can't imagine what atrocities were committed.
02:02Slaughtering people, raping women, killing children,
02:06looting of properties and things like that, you see.
02:11Oh, it was the greatest best reality you could ever imagine, on both sides.
02:18While the mobs rioted, the new nation's upper crust
02:22watched Jinnah being sworn in as governor-general.
02:25There was not a flutter of excitement with him,
02:28but the rest of the country was very excited.
02:30And my father-in-law did the swearing-in
02:32because he was the first chief justice.
02:34And there was just a small group of people at that time.
02:37And so you felt even happier because you didn't have to...
02:40You shared your happiness only with the people who had been working for this day.
02:50Jinnah, now installed at government house, addressed his people.
02:54August 15th is the birthday of the independence
03:00and sovereign state of Pakistan.
03:05At this supreme moment, my thoughts are with those
03:11zillion fighters in our cause
03:15who readily sacrificed all they had to make Pakistan possible.
03:35There was information from the Indian government
03:39that a refugee train is due to arrive.
03:42Muslim refugees from other places.
03:47And I remember twice, not once, twice.
03:51When the train compartments were opened,
03:55they were full of dead bodies.
03:58They had been slaughtered.
04:02It was a horrible sight. I can't get over it.
04:08Then these people who came on foot,
04:11on horses or bullock carts or something,
04:14their breasts cut off,
04:17worms streaming down their wombs.
04:22And in a terrible state,
04:25when they would relate their experiences,
04:28I used to be very upset. Very upset.
04:32And I thought, who wants to live in a country
04:35where you are killed because you are a Muslim?
04:38I said, nothing. I'm going.
04:41I made up my mind.
04:43I just wanted to be out of that atmosphere.
04:46And what did you sacrifice in leaving Bhopal?
04:50All the property. That is all.
04:54The allowances, the wealth, the palaces.
04:58What more?
05:04One million people died.
05:07One million Hindus and Muslims across the border.
05:10And ten million people were uprooted.
05:13The biggest price that any country ever paid
05:16for such kind of operation.
05:19The Pakistan that ultimately Jinnah got,
05:23and the basis on which he got,
05:26was based on hostility.
05:29The basis of hate.
05:39Fifty years of suspicion between India and Pakistan
05:42have made it difficult to talk objectively about Jinnah.
05:47In India, he's usually portrayed as a demon.
05:50While in Pakistan, he's been almost deified
05:53as the father of the nation.
05:56And yet, for most of his political life,
05:59Jinnah had been anything but a Muslim nationalist.
06:03His birthplace, like that of the state of Pakistan, was Karachi.
06:10Karachi was very quiet, very clean.
06:13And the streets were washed every night.
06:16And I think it was a beautiful city,
06:19and Qaid-e-Azam was very fond of Karachi.
06:22Whenever he came to Karachi, he said,
06:24I've come home.
06:26And there was this incident when we were going to Hawkes Bay.
06:29My father was taking him in the car,
06:31and we were all with them.
06:33And he turned around as we passed Kharadar,
06:36where his house is.
06:39And he said, this is where I was born.
06:42And this is why I like Karachi, because I feel like I'm coming home.
06:51Today, the house in Kharadar is a museum.
06:54Like Jinnah's mausoleum, it's become a shrine to his memory.
07:03Legend has it that as a child,
07:05he went with his father to a law court in Karachi.
07:08Seeing his first gunned advocate, he declared,
07:11I want to be a barrister.
07:17The other great influence on the young Jinnah was business.
07:2019th century Karachi was a trading post.
07:23In the colonial economy, only raw materials could be exported,
07:27while all finished goods were supplied from Britain.
07:34Jinnah's father was a trader in imports and exports.
07:37He prospered to such a degree that he went into banking.
07:41Brought up amid the bustling surroundings of Karachi's textile market,
07:45Jinnah's early lessons were in the realities of money-making.
07:49An acute business-mindedness would stay with him all his life,
07:53and probably marked him more than his formal studies.
07:57He changed schools often,
08:00but spent most time here, at Sindh Madrasa.
08:05In later life, he came to believe that only education
08:08would be the Muslims' gateway to freedom and peace.
08:22The Lord has answered.
08:34Allah is the Greatest.
09:051, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
09:091, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
09:131, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8.
09:19What is your country name?
09:21My country name is Pakistan.
09:24Very good. And what is our religion?
09:27Our religion is Islam.
09:30What is our national dress?
09:32Our national dress is shalwar khans.
09:35Who is the founder of Pakistan?
09:38Qazi Azam is the founder of Pakistan.
09:40Very good.
09:42Qazi Azam was a devoted and honest leader.
09:45Qazi Azam never worked for his personal gain of fame.
09:48Qazi Azam devoted all his time and his energy for the freedom of Pakistan.
09:54Qazi Azam's lesson is unity, faith and discipline is the key of success for us.
10:00So, my...
10:06So, my dear friends, we should remember his historical words,
10:10which are work, work and only work.
10:13Thank you, Qazi Azam.
10:20When Jinnah was growing up in the 1880s, Karachi was booming.
10:25The recent opening of the Suez Canal had edged it ahead of Bombay
10:28as British India's nearest port.
10:31But Karachi was still small enough to make a bright boy stand out.
10:36Jinnah caught the eye of an English businessman
10:38who recommended him for an apprenticeship in the imperial capital, London.
10:43He grew up to be 16 and then he wanted to go to England.
10:49He came from a very well-off family and they were merchants
10:55and he didn't want to do anything.
10:57I mean, there was no struggle or anything like that
11:00and his father decided that perhaps he should send his son to England further
11:05and he wanted to go.
11:07But his mother was not very happy and she was very upset.
11:12Though Jinnah was determined to leave his provincial background,
11:15he obeyed his mother's wishes
11:17and married a girl from the same Khoja community.
11:21A few days after the wedding, barely 16 years old,
11:24he sailed alone for London.
11:29Britain's departure brought glee.
11:32Partition would bring horror.
11:38In British India, Muslims had lived as majorities
11:41in the north-west and north-east.
11:43These areas formed the basis for west and east Pakistan.
11:48The provinces of Bengal and Punjab had only small Muslim majorities
11:52and were to be partitioned.
11:57In Punjab, this would leave the Muslims in Pakistan
12:00and Hindus and Sikhs in India.
12:02Many were frightened of being caught on the wrong side
12:05and had already left their homes.
12:07But on the night of independence,
12:09the new boundaries hadn't yet been announced.
12:15I think Mountbatten did really want a happy night
12:19and there wasn't going to be a happy night
12:21if the boundary award had been announced.
12:24This was going to lead, in the Punjab at least,
12:28to widespread disturbances.
12:32Probably nobody thought that there would be
12:36an entire, virtually 100% shift of populations
12:39between the east and the west Punjab.
12:42The night of the 14th of August
12:46had been a pitch battle in Lahore railway station
12:49with about 60 people killed.
12:52When the governor left on the early morning of the 15th,
12:57by air, he looked down on the spoke of a flaming city.
13:04In Lahore, Muslims slaughtered non-Muslims.
13:10Across the new border, in Amritsar,
13:12Sikhs and Hindus killed all the Muslims they could find.
13:25You can't imagine what atrocities were committed.
13:29Slaughtering people, raping women, killing children,
13:33looting of properties and things like that, you see.
13:38Oh, it was the greatest bestiality you could ever imagine,
13:42on both sides.
13:45While the mobs rioted, the new nation's upper crust
13:49watched Jinnah being sworn in as leader.
13:52Britain's departure brought glee.
13:55Partition would bring horror.
14:01In British India, Muslims had lived as majorities
14:04in the north-west and north-east.
14:06These areas formed the basis for west and east Pakistan.
14:10The provinces of Bengal and Punjab
14:13had only small Muslim majorities and were to be partitioned.
14:20In Punjab, this would leave the Muslims in Pakistan
14:23and Hindus and Sikhs in India.
14:25Many were frightened of being caught on the wrong side
14:28and had already left their homes.
14:30But on the night of independence,
14:32the new boundaries hadn't yet been announced.
14:37I think Mountbatten did really want a happy night.
14:41And there wasn't going to be a happy night
14:44if the boundary ward had been announced.
14:47This was going to lead, in the Punjab at least,
14:51to widespread disturbances.
14:55Probably nobody thought that there would be
14:59an entire, virtually 100% shift of populations
15:02between the east and the west Punjab.
15:05The night of the 14th of August
15:09had been a pitch battle in Rahore railway station
15:13with about 60 people killed.
15:16When the governor left on the early morning of the 15th,
15:21he looked down on the spoke of a flaming city.
15:27In Rahore, Muslims slaughtered non-Muslims.
15:33Across the new border in Amritsar,
15:36Sikhs and Hindus killed all the Muslims they could find.
15:49You can't imagine what atrocities were committed.
15:53Slaughtering people, raping women, killing children,
15:57looting properties and things like that, you see.
16:01Oh, it was the greatest bestiality you could ever imagine,
16:06on both sides.
16:08While the mobs rioted, the new nation's upper crust
16:12watched Jinnah being sworn in as governor-general.
16:15There was not a flutter of excitement with him,
16:18but the rest of the country was very excited.
16:21And my father-in-law did the swearing-in
16:23because he was the first Chief Justice.
16:25And there was just a small group of people at that time.
16:28And so you felt even happier because you didn't have to...
16:31You shared your happiness only with the people
16:33who had been working for this day.
16:41Jinnah, now installed at Government House, addressed his people.
16:45August 15th is the birthday of the independence...
16:54Mountbatten's attitude to the Kashmir crisis
16:57was that it was a terrifying development,
17:01that having achieved a settlement,
17:04which had the great advantage of allowing both countries
17:08to enjoy status in the British Commonwealth,
17:11it would be a terrible thing if two Commonwealth countries
17:14were at war with each other within three months of getting...
17:20Britain's departure brought glee. Partition would bring horror.
17:29In British India, Muslims had lived as majorities
17:32in the North West and North East.
17:34These areas formed the basis for West and East Pakistan.
17:38The provinces of Bengal and Punjab
17:40had only small Muslim majorities and were to be partitioned.
17:47In Punjab, this would leave the Muslims in Pakistan
17:50and Hindus and Sikhs in India.
17:52Many were frightened of being caught on the wrong side
17:55and had already left their homes.
17:57But on the night of independence,
17:59the new boundaries hadn't yet been announced.
18:03I think Mountbatten did really want a happy night.
18:07And there wasn't going to be a happy night
18:10if the boundary award had been announced.
18:13This was going to lead, in the Punjab at least,
18:17to widespread disturbances.
18:21Probably nobody thought that there would be
18:25an entire, virtually 100% shift of populations
18:29between the East and the West Punjab.
18:32The night of the 14th of August
18:35had been a pitch battle in Lahore railway station
18:39with about 60 people killed.
18:42When the governor left on the early morning of the 15th,
18:47he looked down on the spoke of a flaming city.
18:54In Lahore, Muslims slaughtered non-Muslims.
18:57Across the new border, in Amritsar,
19:00Sikhs and Hindus killed all the Muslims they could find.
19:13You can't imagine what atrocities were committed.
19:17Slaughtering people, raping women,
19:20killing children, looting.
19:23Oh, it was the greatest bestiality you could ever imagine, on both sides.
19:30While the mobs rioted, the new nation's upper crust
19:34watched Jinnah being sworn in as governor-general.
19:37There was not a flutter of excitement with him.
19:40But the rest of the country was very excited.
19:43And my father-in-law did the swearing-in
19:46because he was the first chief justice.
19:49And my father-in-law did the swearing-in
19:52because he was the first chief justice.
19:55And there was just a small group of people at that time.
19:58And so you felt even happier because you shared your happiness
20:01only with the people who had been working for this day.
20:09Jinnah, now installed at government house, addressed his people.
20:13August the 15th is the birthday of the independence...
20:19Directly at Jinnah, he was propped up on his pillows.
20:24And he could obviously see the concern on my face
20:27because he gave me the most wonderful smile,
20:30a smile I shall never forget.
20:33And it was a smile that said,
20:35don't be concerned, all is well, and all will be well.
20:44Jinnah, now installed at government house, addressed his people.
20:56We got there at 6.30.
21:00We put him in a little room on the ground floor.
21:05You know, there was so much happening.
21:07People were coming in and going out,
21:09and I think the doctor came in.
21:11One of these two, either Dr. Rai Bach or Dr. Mistry,
21:16and they just threw their stethoscopes on the sofa
21:21and slumped back.
21:25So I sensed it, and I got up, walked out, and I went in,
21:28and I saw, yes, they had covered his face.
21:31And Miss Jinnah was weeping, sitting beside him.
21:41SILENT NIGHT
22:11SILENT NIGHT
22:35While Jinnah repeatedly stressed
22:37that Pakistan should be based on Islamic principles,
22:40in a speech to the new...